05, beta = .33). The effect of adaptation on health state utilities seems to be mediated by the mental health domain of quality of life.

Conclusions: Patients with stronger adaptive abilities, based on their optimism, mastery and self-esteem,

may more easily enhance their mental health after being diagnosed with a chronic illness, which leads to higher health state utilities.”
“Polystyrene/carbon nanotubes composites were readily prepared by reversed microemulsion polymerization. Compared with the composites www.selleckchem.com/products/dorsomorphin-2hcl.html prepared by solution mixing, the uniform dispersion of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix could be obtained more easily and the thermal and electrical properties of the as-prepared composites were also enhanced. MAPK inhibitor The as-prepared composites were deposited onto a microelectrode array to fabricate a vapor sensor. The response for different organic vapors was evaluated by monitoring the change in the resistance of the

composites upon exposure to various gases. The change in resistance was of the order of about 10 3 for the composites prepared by reversed microemulsion polymerization. The chemical sensors based on the composites prepared by reversed microemulsion polymerization presented excellent reproducibility and reversibility in response. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 1842-1847, 2011″
“Background: Bacterial meningitis remains often etiologically unconfirmed, especially in resource-poor settings. We tested the potential of real-time polymerase chain reaction to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) from cerebrospinal fluid impregnated on filter paper strips.

Methods: Pnc and Hib genome equivalents were blindly quantified by polymerase chain reaction from 129 liquid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples-the standard-and strips stored at room temperature for months.

Genome counts were compared by simple regression.

Results: The strips showed a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and AZD8055 molecular weight 99% for Pnc, and of 70% and 100% for Hib, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 94% and 97% for Pnc, and 100% and 89% for Hib, respectively. For Pnc, the positive and negative likelihood ratio was 92 and 0.08, and the overall accuracy 98%, whereas for Hib they were 70 and 0.30, and 91%, respectively. Genome Counting showed good correlation between the filter paper and liquid CSF samples, 12 being 0.87 for Pnc and 0.68 for Hib (P < 0.0001 for both).

Conclusion: Although not replacing bacterial culture, filter paper strips offer an easy way to collect and store CSF samples for later bacteriology. They can also be transported in standard envelops by regular mail.

Study Design. The records of 191 patients with previously untreated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymph node (LN) >6 cm (cN, n = 70) and 3.01 to 6 cm (control, n = 121) in the greatest dimension were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and locoregional control (LRC).

Results. In the cN3 group, independent variables for DFS were age, active drinking, LN size, and extranodal

extension (P < .05), and that for LRC was age (P = .025). In the control group, independent variables for DFS were tumor location and differentiation MGCD0103 and LN bilaterality (P < .05), and that for LRC was LN bilaterality (P = .011).

Conclusions. The survival of cN3 patients is affected by host and nodal characteristics including age, drinking, nodal size, and extranodal extension.”
“Amphetamine treatment during adolescence causes long-term cognitive deficits in rats. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine with important roles in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, whose levels of expression are significantly regulated by amphetamine administration.

Prexasertib in vivo To test the possibility that the long-term consequences of periadolescent amphetamine treatment cross species and, furthermore, to test the hypothesis that PTN could be one of the factors involved in the adult cognitive deficits observed after periadolescent

amphetamine administrations, we comparatively studied the long-term consequences of periadolescent amphetamine treatment (3 mg/kg intraperitoneal, daily during 10 days) in normal wild-type (PTN+/+) and in PTN genetically deficient (PTN-/-) mice. Within the first week MEK inhibitor after cessation of treatment, significant deficits in the passive avoidance and Y-maze tests were only observed in amphetamine-pretreated PTN-/- mice. However, 13 and 26 days after the last administration, we did not find significant differences in Y-maze between amphetamine- and saline-pretreated PTN-/- mice. In addition, we did not find any genotype- or treatment-related anxiogenic- or depressive-like behaviour in adult mice. Furthermore, we observed a significantly enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 hippocampal slices from saline-pretreated PTN-/- mice compared with saline-pretreated PTN+/+ mice. Interestingly, amphetamine pre-treatment during adolescence significantly enhanced LTP in adult PTN+/+ mice but did not cause any effect in PTN-/- mice, suggesting LTP mechanisms saturation in naive PTN-/- mice. The data demonstrate that periadolescent amphetamine treatment causes transient cognitive deficits and long-term alterations of hippocampal LTP depending on the endogenous expression of PTN.

“
“The effect of surface-active substances (SAS’s) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241, Rhodococcus erythropolis IMV Ac-5017, and Nocardia vaccinii K-8 on phytopathogenic bacteria has been studied. It was shown that the survival

of cells (10(5)-10(7) in a milliliter) of the Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas phytopathogenic bacteria was found to be 0-33% after treatment with SAS preparations of the IMV Ac-5017 and IMV B-7241 strains for 2 h (0.15-0.4 mg/mL). this website In the presence of N. vaccinii K-8 SAS preparations (0.085-0.85 mg/mL), the number of cells of the majority of the studied phytopathogenic bacteria decreased by 95-100%. These data show prospects for using microbial SAS’s for the development of ecologically friendly

preparations to control the number of phytopathogenic bacteria.”
“Heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the defense response against necrotrophic fungi in Arabidopsis. In order to elucidate the resistance mechanisms involving heterotrimeric G proteins, we analyzed the effects of the G beta (subunit deficiency in the mutant agb1-2 on pathogenesis-related gene expression, as well as the genetic interaction between agb1-2 and a number of mutants of established defense pathways. G beta-mediated SB203580 molecular weight signaling suppresses the induction of salicylic acid (SA)-, jasmonic acid (JA)-, ethylene (ET)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent genes during the initial phase of the infection with Fusarium oxysporum (up to 48 h after inoculation). However, at a later phase it enhances JA/ET-dependent genes such as PDF1.2 and PR4. Quantification of the Fusarium wilt symptoms revealed that G beta- and SA-deficient mutants were more susceptible than wild-type plants, whereas JA- and ET-insensitive and ABA-deficient mutants demonstrated various levels of resistance. Analysis of the double mutants showed that the G beta-mediated resistance to F. oxysporum and Alternaria brassicicola was mostly independent Staurosporine inhibitor of all of the previously mentioned pathways.

However, the progressive decay of agb1-2 mutants was compensated by coi1-21 and jin1-9 mutations, suggesting that at this stage of F. oxysporum infection G beta acts upstream of COI1 and ATMYC2 in JA signaling.”
“Vectors for the expression of MFS transporter CefT of Acremonium chrysogenum-a producer of beta-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C-and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fusion with the cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) have been generated. The subcellular localization of the CefT-CFP hybrid protein in yeast cells has been investigated. It was shown that the CefT-CFP hybrid protein is capable of complementation of the qdr3, tpo1, and tpo3 genes encoding for orthologous MFS transporters of Saccharomycetes, making the corresponding strains resistant to spermidine, ethidium bromide, and hygromycin B. High-producing strain A.

Fourteen documents were reviewed by the expert panel, which provided evidence for education, assessment, and management of pain.

Conclusion. Several recommendations can be made from this work: 1) establish an expert working group who can provide the experience and skills necessary to develop a multidisciplinary curriculum on pain in older adults-this has been achieved through this current work; 2) conduct a thorough systematic review of the literature around pain assessment and management, which could inform a curriculum; CFTRinh-172 datasheet and 3) seek representation for membership of the expert group on the IASP core

curriculum working group.”
“To estimate the impact of traffic-related noise annoyance on health-related quality of life (HrQoL) in a population-based study and potential effect modification by gender.

The study included 5,021 participants of the Swiss Cohort Study of Air Pollution

and Lung Disease in Adults second survey. The association between traffic-related noise annoyance, measured on an 11-point scale, and HrQoL, based on ARS-1620 molecular weight SF-36 scores, was investigated by multivariate regression analysis. Effect sizes were calculated, and interactions by gender and chronic disease status examined.

Thirteen percentage of the study population reported high annoyance due to traffic. Women were more likely to report high noise annoyance (adjOR 1.23; 95%CI 1.01-1.48). Except for general health, all SF-36 scores showed a significant negative association with noise annoyance. The respective effect ERK inhibitor sizes ranged between 0.13 and 0.54. Significant effect modification by gender and chronic disease status was present in specific SF-36 domains.

This paper presents first evidence of an inverse relationship of noise annoyance and HrQoL in a general population. Although the estimated effects are small to moderate for individuals, they may add up to a relevant public health impact.”
“Neurogenic bowel disease occurs after damage to the spinal cord, which affects the bowel’s extrinsic

innervation resulting in a lack of control of the colon with incontinence or constipation. To avoid more invasive procedures, sacral and pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS) have been recently considered as emerging treatment for patients with intractable constipation. In particular, PNS effects are thought to be secondary to interactions between the somatic and autonomic pathways within both the spinal cord and higher centers. Thus, PNS may be considered a potential tool in the treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction, even after a complete spinal cord damage. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:358-359, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Objective. Preclinical studies of pain and aging represent an area of research where considerations of age, strain, gender, and method of behavioral assessment are but some of the challenges that must be addressed.

confusus and Nyctobates gigas (Tenebrionidae) collected in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, were studied through conventional staining, C-banding, silver nitrate impregnation (AgNO3), and the base specific fluorochromes CMA(3) and DAPI. Z. aff. confusus was found to have 2n = 20 (9+Xyp) while N. gigas exhibited 2n = 18 (8+neoXY). Large pericentromeric blocks of constitutive heterochromatin (CH) were detected throughout the autosomal complement of the two species, except in one autosomal pair of N. gigas in which no heterochromatic block was observed. The sex chromosomes of both species were almost totally heterochromatic. Double

4EGI-1 nmr staining with CMA(3)/DA (distamycin) and DAPI/DA marked CH in Z. aff. confusus. However, DAPI staining was more intense. N. gigas was found to possess blocks of CH-positive CMA(3) and homogeneous DAPI. AgNO3 GSK1904529A concentration staining also revealed differences between the two species. In Z. confusus an NOR was observed in the sexual bivalent Xyp and N. gigas was found to have an autosomal NOR.”
“A 0.92Na(0.5)Bi(0.5)TiO(3)-0.08 K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (0.92NBT-0.08KBT) lead-free piezoelectric single crystal with dimensions of Phi 35 x 10 mm was successfully grown by the top-seeded solution growth method. The effective segregation coefficient

for K was calculated to be 0.27. An x-ray powder diffraction measurement showed that the as-grown crystal possesses a rhombohedral perovskite structure at room temperature. The room-temperature dielectric constants for poled < 001 >, < 110 >, and < 111 > oriented crystal SCH727965 mw samples are found to be 683, 567, and 435 at 1 kHz, respectively. The (T-m, epsilon(m)) values for < 001 >, < 110 >, and < 111 > oriented crystals are (316 degrees C, 4318), (317 degrees C, 4160), and (318 degrees C, 4348) at 1 kHz, which indicate that the dielectric parameters of the as-grown crystals show weaker anisotropy.

The curves, epsilon(T), for the three crystallographic orientations show two anomalies at about 170 and 320 degrees C, respectively, relating to the ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase and the antiferroelectric-paraelectric phase. There is a thermal hysteresis, Delta T approximate to 35 degrees C for the ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase transformation between heating and cooling. The antiferroelectric phase, the thermal hysteresis, and the dielectric relaxor behavior around 170 degrees C can be attributed to the formation of an intermediate orthorhombic modulated phase at 170-320 degrees C. For the < 001 >, < 110 >, and < 111 > crystal samples, the room-temperature piezoelectric constants, d(33), reach 175, 130, and 70 pC/N, respectively. The remanent polarization for the < 001 >, < 110 >, and < 111 > crystal samples are 8.1, 10.8, and 13.

“
“Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causal agent of Johne’s disease in dairy cattle. Genotyping of

MAP is useful to gain a better understanding of the origin of infection, to evaluate regional control programs, to improve diagnostics, and to develop vaccines. In this study 91 MAP isolates mainly from symptomatic dairy cattle in Rhineland-Palatinate (RP, Germany), its neighbor federal states, and Luxembourg were genotyped using Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and Multilocus Short Sequence Repeats (MLSSR). MIRU-VNTR and MLSSR produced 11 and 6 different genotypes among the 91 isolates, Selleckchem BAY 80-6946 respectively. The combined analysis of both methods produced 25 genotypes with an index of discrimination (D) of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91-0.95).

The results revealed the genetic diversity of MAP and the dominance of two MAP genotypes commonly found in Europe, showed the usefulness of MAP genotyping in studies at a regional scale, and provided useful information for control initiatives in RP. (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“P>The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays a central role in plant defense responses against insects. Some phloem-feeding insects also induce the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, thereby suppressing the plant’s JA response. These phenomena have been signaling pathway well studied in dicotyledonous plants, but little Dactolisib is known about them in monocotyledons. We cloned a chloroplast-localized type 2 13-lipoxygenase gene of rice, OsHI-LOX, whose transcripts were up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis and the rice brown planthopper (BPH) Niaparvata lugens, as well as by mechanical wounding and treatment with JA. Antisense expression of OsHI-LOX (as-lox) reduced SSB- or BPH-induced JA and trypsin protease inhibitor (TrypPI) levels, improved the larval performance

of SBB as well as that of the rice leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, and increased the damage caused by SSB and LF larvae. In contrast, BPH, a phloem-feeding herbivore, showed a preference for settling and ovipositing on WT plants, on which they consumed more and survived better than on as-lox plants. The enhanced resistance of as-lox plants to BPH infestation correlated with higher levels of BPH-induced H(2)O(2) and SA, as well as with increased hypersensitive response-like cell death. These results imply that OsHI-LOX is involved in herbivore-induced JA biosynthesis, and plays contrasting roles in controlling rice resistance to chewing and phloem-feeding herbivores.

The chloroform (CHCl3) and n-hexane (HEX) extracts [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 0.0078-0.3125 mu g/mL; minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 0.019-0.625 mu g/mL] were found to have strong antibacterial activity against MRSA. Additionally, when the CHCl3 and FLEX extracts were co-administered with ampicillin or oxacillin, a synergistic effect against

MRSA was observed. Furthermore, a time-kill Study evaluating the effects of the extracts against MRSA indicated that treatment with the CHCl3 extract in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin produced rapid bactericidal activity. These results suggest that danshen extracts may have potently antimicrobial activity and thus, it can be a FK228 suitable phytotherapeutic agent for treating MRSA infections.”
“Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, have emerged as potential chemopreventive agents Fer-1 Metabolism inhibitor for melanoma. However, the clinical studies have provided contradictory results as to whether NSAIDs reduce the risk of melanoma. Our aim was to assess this association through a detailed meta-analysis of the studies on the subject published in the peer-reviewed literature. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science electronic databases up to July 2012. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the fixed-effects or the random-effects models on the basis of heterogeneity analysis. Subgroup analyses were carried out where data were available. Ten studies involving 490 322 participants contributed to the meta-analysis.

The summary RR estimate on the basis of all studies did not indicate that overall NSAIDs use significantly decreases the risk of melanoma (RR=0.94; 95% CI, 0.86-1.03). The use of neither aspirin (RR=0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.03) nor nonaspirin NSAIDs (RR=1.05; 95% CI, 0.96-1.14) was associated with the risk of melanoma. Similar results were obtained in the subgroup analyses of cohort studies (RR=1.03; 95% CI, 0.95-1.13), high-intensity NSAID use (the highest NU7441 supplier dose of NSAID use reported by included studies, RR=1.05; 95% CI, 0.79-1.40), and long-term NSAID use (longest duration of NSAID use reported by included studies, RR=0.87; 95% CI, 0.66-1.14). However, a slight reduction in the risk of melanoma by taking NSAIDs was observed in case-control studies (RR=0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.93). In conclusion, the results of our meta-analysis did not indicate that the use of NSAIDs or aspirin is associated with the risk of melanoma. More and in-depth research should focus on those problems in the future.

[DOI: 10.1063/1.3068622]“
“SETTING: Contact tracing using pediatric index cases has not been adequately investigated

in high tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence settings.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the yield of contact tracing in household contacts of pediatric TB index cases in Botswana.

DESIGN: Index cases included all pediatric (age <= 13 years) TB admissions from January 2009 to December 2011 to Botswana’s largest referral hospital. A contact tracing team identified cases, conducted home visits, symptom-screened contacts and referred those with >= 1 TB symptoms. The primary outcome was newly diagnosed TB in a contact.

RESULTS: From 163 pediatric index cases, 548 contacts were screened (median 3 contacts/case, interquartile range [IQR] 2-4). Of these, 49 (9%) were referred for positive symptoms on screening and 27/49 (55%) see more were evaluated for active TB. Twelve new TB cases were diagnosed (12/548, 2.2%); the median age was 31 years (IQR 23-38); 11 (92%) were smear-positive. Ten (83%) had known HIV status: 7 (70%) were HIV-positive. To find one new TB case, the number needed to contact trace (index cases/new cases) was 13.6, and the number needed to screen (contacts/new cases) was 46.

CONCLUSION: This yield of contact tracing using selleck kinase inhibitor pediatric index cases is similar to the traditional adult index case approach. Improving

the proportion of symptomatic contacts evaluated may increase yield.”
“Ecklonia cava (EC) was irradiated with gamma-rays at doses of 3, 7, and 20 kGy. The extraction yields, total polyphenol content (TPC), DPPH CRT0066101 price radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial activity, and color of the EC extracts were assessed. The results showed that irradiation caused an increase in the extraction yields of ethanol and water. TPC was found to be significantly increased when EC powder was subjected to irradiation, followed by ethanol and water extraction. However, DPPH radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities were stable under all irradiation conditions. In the heat and pH stability tests, the DPPH radical scavenging

activities of EC ethanol extracts were not influenced by irradiation. Irradiation caused an increase in the lightness and redness of EC extracts and decreased the yellowness. In conclusion, gamma-irradiation increased the extraction yield and TPC and brightened the color, while maintaining the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.”
“A single precursor technique was used to synthesize gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with diameters from 5 to 7 nm. The blocking temperature of the nanoparticles essentially increases with Fe precursor concentration. Transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy of the different gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticle systems reveal that the local Fe environments in the nanoparticle vary considerably with Fe precursor concentration.

Such instrumentation negates many of the advantages offered by device miniaturisation, particularly with respect to overall portability. In this article, we present a CO2 laser ablation technique for rapidly prototyping on-chip planar lenses, in conjunction with capillary action based autonomous microfluidics, to create a miniaturised and fully integrated optical biosensing platform. The presented

AC220 self-aligned on-chip optical components offer an efficient means to direct excitation light within microfluidics and to directly couple light from a LED source. The device has been used in conjunction with a miniaturised and bespoke fluorescence detection platform to create a complete, palm sized system (approximate to 60 x 80 x 60 mm) capable of performing fluoro-immunoassays. The system has been applied to the detection of cardiac GSK1120212 clinical trial Troponin I, one of the gold standard biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, achieving a lower detection limit of 0.08 ng/ml, which is at the threshold of clinically applicable concentrations. The portable nature of

the complete system and the biomarker detection capabilities demonstrate the potential of the devised instrumentation for use as a medical diagnostics device at the point of care. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Background: Surgical site infection in the spine is a serious postoperative complication. Factors such as posterior surgical approach, arthrodesis, use of spinal instrumentation, age, obesity, diabetes, tobacco use, operating-room environment, and estimated blood loss are well established in the literature to affect the risk of infection. The goal of this study was to analyze and identify independent risk factors for surgical site infection among spine patients undergoing posterior lumbar instrumented arthrodesis.

Methods: The medical records of 3218 patients who underwent posterior

lumbar instrumented arthrodesis from January 2000 to December 2006 were reviewed to identify those who developed a postoperative infection (eighty-four URMC-099 research buy patients; 2.6%). The size of this single-institution patient group allowed construction of a multivariate logistic regression model to evaluate the independent associations of potential risk factors for surgical site infection in the spine.

Results: In the final regression model, obesity, estimated intraoperative blood loss, ten or more people in the operating room, a dural tear, history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis were critical risk factors for the onset of spinal surgical site infection. Obesity and a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the strongest risk factors for postoperative spinal infection after adjusting for all other variables. The most common pathogen was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a prevalence of 34.5%.

“
“Previous High Content Screening work from our group demonstrated improved memory function in bariatric surgery patients at 12 weeks postoperatively relative to controls. However, no study has examined longer-term changes in cognitive functioning following bariatric surgery.

A total of 137 individuals (95 bariatric surgery patients and 42 obese controls) were followed prospectively to determine whether postsurgery cognitive improvements persist. Potential mechanisms of change were also examined. Bariatric surgery participants

completed self-report measurements and a computerized cognitive test battery prior to surgery and at 12-week and 12-month follow-up; obese controls completed measures at equivalent time points.

Bariatric surgery patients exhibited cognitive deficits relative to well-established standardized normative data prior to surgery, and obese controls demonstrated similar deficits. Analyses of longitudinal change indicated an interactive effect on memory indices, with bariatric surgery patients demonstrating better performance postoperatively than obese controls.

While memory performance was improved 12 months postbariatric surgery, the mechanisms underlying these improvements were unclear and did not appear attributable to obvious postsurgical changes, such as reductions in body selleck chemical mass index or comorbid

medical conditions. Future studies employing neuroimaging, metabolic biomarkers, and more precise physiological measurements are needed to determine the mechanisms underlying memory improvements following bariatric surgery.”
“OBJECTIVE: To identify Chlamydia trachomatis antigens associated with tubal factor

infertility and acute infection.

METHODS: Selleck PF-04929113 A C trachomatis proteome array was used to compare antibody profiles among women with tubal factor infertility, normal fertility, and acute C trachomatis infection.

RESULTS: Thirteen immunodominant antigens reacted with 50% or more sera from all women (n=73). Six C trachomatis antigens were uniquely recognized in women with tubal factor infertility. Combining fragmentation of the six antigens with serum sample dilution, chlamydial antigens HSP60, CT376, CT557, and CT443 could discriminate between women with tubal factor infertility and women with normal fertility with a sensitivity of 63% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41-0.77) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 0.91-1), respectively. These antigens were designated as tubal factor infertility-associated antigens. However, these tubal factor antigens were unable to distinguish tubal factor infertility patients from those with acute infection. A combination of CT875 and CT147 distinguished women with acute infection from all other C trachomatis-exposed women with a detection sensitivity of 63% (95% CI 0.41-0.77) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 0.95-1), respectively.