8213). In patients with refractive results close to emmetropia, the mean AL x K was 1005.91 +/- 25.88 (SD), meaning that in the range of 954 and 1058, there was a 95% possibility

that the patients were almost fully corrected. The following regression formula was obtained to calculate the amount of refractive error independent of cataract onset: Refractive error = -0.0157 x (AL x K) + 16.437.

CONCLUSIONS: The regression formula determined whether the refraction depended on the onset of cataract and estimated the amount of undercorrection or overcorrection that occurred after refractive surgery, leading GNS-1480 to improved estimation of the power of the IOL to be implanted. It may allow the use of history-related formulas in IOL power calculation TPX-0005 research buy for eyes that have had corneal refractive surgery.”
“Background: Agonist replacement treatment is a promising strategy to manage cannabis-use disorders. The aim of

this study was to assess the combined effects of the synthetic cannabinoid agonist nabilone and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) using drug-discrimination procedures, which are sensitive to drug interactions. Testing the concurrent administration of nabilone and Delta(9)-THC was also conducted to provide initial safety and tolerability data, which is important because cannabis users will likely lapse during treatment.

Methods: Six cannabis users learned to discriminate 30 mg oral Delta(9)-THC from placebo and then received nabilone (0, 1 and 3 mg) and Delta(9)-THC (0, 5, 15 and 30 mg), alone and in combination. Subjects completed the multiple-choice procedure to assess

drug reinforcement, and 发现更多 self-report, task performance and physiological measures were collected.

Results: Delta(9)-THC and nabilone alone shared discriminative-stimulus effects with the training dose of Delta(9)-THC, increased crossover point on the multiple-choice procedure, produced overlapping subject ratings and decreased skin temperature. Nabilone alone also elevated heart rate. In combination, nabilone shifted the discriminative-stimulus effects of Delta(9)-THC leftward/upward and enhanced Delta(9)-THC effects on the other outcome measures.

Conclusions: These results replicate a previous study demonstrating that nabilone shares agonist effects with the active constituent of cannabis in cannabis users, and contribute further by indicating that nabilone would likely be safe and well tolerated when combined with cannabis. These data support the conduct of future studies to determine if nabilone treatment would produce cross-tolerance to the abuse-related effects of cannabis and reduce cannabis use. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Xanthomonas citri subsp citri (Xac) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker disease in citrus plants.

Cross-strain antibodies are most likely elicited against epitopes that are shared by the allelic antigens in the vaccine cocktail.

Methods: A standard competition ELISA was used to address whether the antibody response can be further focused on shared epitopes by exclusively boosting these common

determinants through immunization of rabbits with different PfAMA1 alleles in sequence. NU7441 molecular weight The in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay was used to further evaluate the functional effects of the broadened antibody response that is characteristic of multi-allele vaccine strategies.

Results: A mixed antigen immunization protocol elicited humoral responses that were functionally similar to those elicited by a sequential immunization protocol (p > 0.05). Sequential exposure to the different PfAMA1 allelic variants induced immunological recall of responses to previous alleles and yielded functional

cross-strain antibodies that would be capable of optimal growth inhibition of variant parasites at high enough concentrations. Conclusions: These findings may have implications for the current understanding of the natural acquisition of clinical immunity to malaria as well Selinexor solubility dmso as for rational vaccine design.”
“We have conducted a retrospective, comparative analysis of the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis and frozen section diagnosis relative to postoperative diagnosis.

Subjects BAY 73-4506 nmr consisted of 168 patients with endometrial cancer, and frozen section was also performed. The diagnostic accuracy and the under-diagnosis rates in regard to both the

myometrial invasion (MI) and the histological type and grade (HTG) were determined.

The diagnostic accuracy rate for preoperative HTG and MI were 64.3 and 54.8%, while the under-diagnosis rate was 25.0 and 35.7%. In contrast, the corresponding diagnostic accuracy rate for frozen HTG and MI were 84.5 and 85.7%, while under-diagnosis was 9.5 and 9.5%. Statistical analysis showed that the diagnostic accuracy rate for HTG and MI were significantly higher with frozen section diagnosis than with preoperative diagnosis (P < 0.0001) and the under-diagnosis rate for HTG and MI were significantly lower with frozen section diagnosis than with preoperative diagnosis (P < 0.0001).

Frozen section diagnosis was clearly more effective than preoperative diagnosis involving MRI as a basis for deciding the operative technique for endometrial cancer.”
“BACKGROUND: Measles persists worldwide despite the implementation of general vaccination campaigns. The environmental and demographic characteristics in many prisons increase the risk of measles epidemics. A large proportion of inmates come from countries where immunisation coverage is low. We aimed to estimate the susceptibility to measles among prisoners in order to implement preventative measures.

Results: 1865 adolescents were Selleck FDA-approved Drug Library included in the analysis. Differences between racial/ethnic groups for rates of preterm delivery,

cesarean delivery and gestational diabetes were statistically significant at p < 0.05. African Americans had lower odds of preterm delivery (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.38-0.90]) and gestational diabetes (OR = 0.17, 95% CI [0.05-0.55]) than White adolescents. White adolescents had increased odds of cesarean delivery compared to African-American (OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.48-0.98]), Latina (OR = 0.62, 95% CI [0.41-0.94]) and Asian adolescents (OR = 0.41, 95% CI [0.25-0.68]). Although not statistically significant, White adolescents also had higher odds of low Apgar score. In the multivariate analysis, non-White adolescents continued to have improved outcomes, except in the case of low birth weight.

Conclusions: African-American,

Asian and Latina adolescents may have similar or decreased risk of obstetric complications compared to White adolescents.”
“Purpose of review

To review the current literature of sterile bone inflammation in childhood and to evaluate the evidence for clinical care including diagnostic methods and treatment.

Recent Geneticin research buy findings

Chronic noninfectious osteomyelitis includes several different entities marked by sterile bone inflammation associated with histologic evidence of a predominant neutrophil infiltration in the absence of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells, some of which are associated with a genetic mutation. Whole body MRI is helpful in detecting asymptomatic lesions. Initial treatment with NSAIDs is usually sufficient to control symptoms as the bone heals. However, if the lesions persist and do not respond to first-line treatment, or involve the spine or hip, treatment with bisphosphonate will usually lead to a resolution of symptoms. Rarely, treatment with anti-TNF agents is required.

Summary

This review summarizes recent information on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of disorders involving sterile bone inflammation in childhood. It also addresses the evolving differential diagnosis for autoinflammatory

disorders that include sterile LCL161 cell line bone inflammation and presents a treatment algorithm for management.”
“In this study, a rapid and efficient concentrating procedure that can be Used for detecting viruses in vegetables was developed. The Sabin strain of poliovirus type I was used to evaluate the efficiency of virus recovery. The procedure included: (a) elution with 0.25 M threonine-0.3 M NaCl pH 9.5; (b) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 precipitation; (c) chloroform extraction; (d) 2(nd) PEG precipitation; (f) RNA extraction; (g) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) combined with semi-nested PCR. The overall recoveries by elution/concentration were 29.0% from cabbage and 13.7% from lettuce.

6 +/- 36.5 h versus 63.3 +/- 39.1 h, p = 0.480) and hospitalization (6.2 +/- 2.6 d versus 5.4 +/- 2.0 d, p = 0.330) between the groups. The rate of complications were not significantly different between the groups.

Conclusion: Our study indicates that NIMV is well tolerated and as effective as NCPAP in the treatment of TTN.”
“The general principles

for assessing solute and fluid transport across the peritoneum in animal models are not different from those in human studies. Animal models allow for extensive standardization of experimental conditions and also for sampling of peritoneal tissues for analysis. The present review will focus on ( 1) the scaling issue between various species, ( 2) how to measure intraperitoneal volume in animal models, ( 3) the impact of an indwelling catheter, ( 4) the difference between acute and chronic experiments, click here and ( 5) the particular problems associated with transport measurements in mice. If done correctly and after proper scaling, mass transfer area coefficients and clearance measurements show marked similarity among different species. Although animal models only partly mimic human peritoneal dialysis, they are valuable tools for understanding the basic physiology and biology of peritoneal dialysis.”
“Recent AZD5153 evidence shows that the selection of spermatozoa based on the analysis

of morphology under high magnification (x6000) may have a positive impact on embryo development in cases with severe male factor infertility and/or previous implantation failures. The objective of this prospective randomized

study was to compare the clinical outcome of 87 intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) cycles with 81 conventional intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in an unselected infertile population. IMSI did not provide a significant improvement in the clinical JQ1 nmr outcome compared with ICSI although there were trends for higher implantation (28.9% versus 19.5%), clinical pregnancy (54.0% versus 44.4%) and live birth rates (43.7% versus 38.3%) in the IMSI group. However, severe male factor patients benefited from the IMSI procedure as shown by significantly higher implantation rates compared with their counterparts in the ICSI group (29.6% versus 15.2%, P = 0.01). These results suggest that IMSI may improve IVF success rates in a selected group of patients with male factor infertility. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: To determine the incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the frequency of postnatal infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods: Urine samples of 135 infants who were admitted to the NICU during a 6 month period were evaluated to detect CMV using a nested PCR assay. A breast milk sample was obtained to determine viral excretion. Clinical characteristics of infected and non-infected infants were compared.

Results: Congenital CMV infection was confirmed in two (1.

Only 4 subjects experienced mild adverse reaction.

Conclusions. Penicillin G potassium troches are effective in reducing ulcer size and alleviating ulcer pain of the patients in the treatment of a single episode of MiRAU in this Chinese cohort. Few Torin 2 adverse effects were observed with this therapeutic approach. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 561-566)”
“Background: It is well known that psychological components are very important in the aging process and may also manifest in psychogenic movement disorders, such as coxarthrosis.

This study analyzed the medical records of two similar groups of patients with coxarthrosis (n = 15 in each) who were treated in two different clinics for rehabilitation therapy.

Methods: Patients in Group A were treated with a course of traditional physiotherapy, including sessions of local hyperthermia. Group B patients were treated with only a course

of radioelectric asymmetrical brain stimulation (REAC) to improve their motor behavior.

Results: Group A showed Alisertib inhibitor a significant decrease in symptoms of pain and stiffness, and an insignificant improvement in range of motion and muscle bulk. A single patient in this group developed worsened symptoms, and pain did not resolve completely in any patient. The patients in Group B had significantly decreased levels of pain and stiffness, and a significant improvement in range of motion and muscle bulk. No patients worsened in Group B, and the pain resolved completely in one patient.

Conclusion: Both treatments were shown to be tolerable and safe. Patients who underwent REAC treatment appeared to have slightly better outcomes, with an appreciable improvement in both their physical and mental states. These aspects are particularly important in the elderly, in whom functional limitation is often associated with or exacerbated by a psychogenic component.”
“We investigated anthropometric and fitness variables associated with areal bone mineral densities and broadband ultrasound attenuation in ambulatory children with

cerebral palsy. Thirty-four children with cerebral palsy, aged 4-12 years, and 33 normal development children were collected. check details There were significant differences in femoral bone densities and calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation, but not in lumbar bone densities, between cerebral palsy and normal groups. Regression analysis revealed that different anthropometric and fitness variables were linked to bone densities of different skeletal regions in children with cerebral palsy (adjusted r(2) = .41-.67). Growth variables were mainly related to femoral and lumbar bone densities, while muscular endurance was mainly related to femoral and calcaneus bone densities. These findings suggest multiple complex variables can contribute to bone density variations among different skeleton areas in these children. These data can allow clinicians to identifying early these children at risk for low bone density.

Here we further characterized specific behavioral and functional domains relevant to depression that are altered in WKY rats. Moreover, since early-life experience Wortmannin cost potently shapes emotional behavior, we also determined whether aspects of WKYs’ phenotype were modifiable by early-life factors using neonatal handling or maternal separation. We first compared WKYs’ behavior to that of Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar, and Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) rats in: the open field test, elevated plus maze, novelty-suppressed

feeding test, a social interaction test, and the forced swim test (FST). WKYs exhibited high baseline immobility in the FST and were the only strain to show increased immobility on FST Day 2 vs. Day 1 (an indicator of learned helplessness). WKYs also showed greater social avoidance, along with enlarged adrenal glands and hearts relative to other strains. We next tested whether neonatal handling or early-life maternal separation stress influenced WKYs’ behavior. Neither manipulation affected their anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html likely due to a strong genetic underpinning of their phenotype. Our findings indicate that WKY rats are a useful model that captures specific functional domains

relevant to clinical depression including: psychomotor retardation, behavioral inhibition, learned helplessness, social withdrawal, and physiological dysfunction. WKY rats appear to be resistant to early-life manipulations (i.e., neonatal handling) that are therapeutic GSK1904529A mouse in other strains, and may be a useful model for the development of personalized anti-depressant therapies for treatment resistant

depression.”
“Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) technique failure is high compared to hemodialysis (HD). There is a lack of data on the impact of duration of PD treatment on technique survival and on whether there is a difference in risk factors with respect to early and late failure. The aim of this study was to clarify these issues by performing a time-dependent analysis of PD technique and patient survival in a large cohort of incident PD patients.

Methods: We analyzed 709 incident PD patients participating in the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD), who started their treatment between 1997 and 2007. We compared technique and patient survival on PD in 4 periods of follow-up: within the first 3 months, and after 3 – 12 months, 12 – 24 months, and 24 – 36 months of treatment. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze survival on PD and technique failure. Risk factors were also identified by comparing patients that were transferred to HD with those that remained on PD. Incidence rates for every cause of dropout for each period of follow-up were calculated to establish their trends with respect to PD treatment duration.

Design: This was a randomized

controlled dietary trial in middle-aged healthy individuals. After a 4-wk run-in period with a refined diet, we randomly allocated volunteers to a control (refined diet), wheat, or wheat + oats group for 12 wk. The primary outcome was a reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors by dietary intervention with whole grains, which included lipid and inflammatory marker concentrations, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure. Results: We recruited a total of 233 volunteers; 24 volunteers withdrew, and 3 volunteers were excluded. Systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were significantly reduced by 6 and 3 mm Hg, respectively, in the whole-grain foods groups compared with the control group. Systemic markers of cardiovascular disease risk remained unchanged apart from cholesterol concentrations, which

decreased slightly but significantly in the refined selleck kinase inhibitor group. Conclusions: Daily consumption of 3 check details portions of whole-grain foods can significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged people mainly through blood pressure lowering mechanisms. The observed decrease in systolic blood pressure could decrease the incidence of coronary artery disease and stroke by >= 15% and 25%, respectively. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN27657880. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:733-40.”
“Mild skin rejection is a common observation in reconstructive transplantation. To enlighten the role of this inflammatory reaction we investigated markers for cellular and antibody mediated rejection, adhesion molecules and tolerance markers. Forty-seven skin biopsies (rejection grade I) of human hand allografts were investigated by immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, C4d, LFA-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, VE-cadherin, HLA-DR, IDO, and Foxp3). Expression was read with respect to time after transplant. The infiltrate was mainly comprised of CD3+T-lymphocytes. Among these, CD8+cells were more prominent than CD4+cells. CD20+B-lymphocytes

were sparse and CD68+macrophages selleck chemicals were found in some, but not all samples (approximately 10% of the infiltrate). The CD4/CD8-ratio was increased after the first year. C4d staining was mainly positive in samples at time-points later than 1 year. Adhesion molecules LFA-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, and VE-cadherin were found upregulated, and for P-selectin, expression increased with time after transplant. IDO expression was strongest at 3 months-1 year post-transplant and a tendency toward more Foxp3+ cells at later time points was observed. Mild skin rejection after hand transplantation presents with a T-cell dominated dermal cell infiltrate and upregulation of adhesion molecules. The role of C4d expression after year one remains to be elucidated.”
“Bacteria undergoing environmental effects is extremely interesting for structural, mechanistic, and evolutionary implications.

However, the direction of this difference CYT387 molecular weight seems to be predictable.

Conclusion: Based on our findings in this animal model, cartridge based point of care instruments appear suitable for the analysis of intraosseous samples. The agreement between intraosseous and arterial analysis seems to be good enough for the method to be clinically useful. The precision, quantified in terms of CV, is at least as good for intraosseous as for arterial analysis. There is no clinically important difference between samples from left and right tibia, indicating

a good reproducibility. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background and aimIt is important to find economical methods in early Phase 2 studies to screen drugs potentially useful to aid smoking cessation. A method has been developed that detects efficacy of varenicline and nicotine patch. selleck chemicals llc This study aimed to evaluate whether the method would detect the efficacy of bupropion and identify correctly the lack of efficacy of modafinil.

DesignUsing a within-subject double cross-over design, smokers attempted to quit during each treatment, with bupropion (150mg b.i.d.), modafinil [100mg twice daily (b.i.d.)] or placebo (double-blind, counterbalanced order). In each of

three medication periods, all smoked with no drug on week 1 (baseline or washout), began dose run-up on week 2, and tried to quit every day during week 3.

SettingA university research center in the United States.

ParticipantsForty-five adult smokers high in quit interest.

MeasurementsAbstinence

was verified daily each quit week by self-report of no smoking over the prior 24 hours and carbon monoxide (CO) < Anlotinib inhibitor 5 parts per million.

FindingsCompared with placebo, bupropion did (F-(1,F-44)=6.98, P=0.01), but modafinil did not (F-(1,F-44)=0.29, P=0.60), increase the number of abstinent days. Also, bupropion (versus placebo) significantly increased the number of those able to maintain continuous abstinence on all 5 days throughout the quit week (11 versus four), Z=2.11, P<0.05, while modafinil did not (six).

ConclusionsAssessing days abstinent during 1 week of use of medication versus placebo in a cross-over design could be a useful early Phase 2 study design for discriminating between medications useful versus not useful in aiding smoking cessation.”
“Objective: To assess whether nominally statistically significant effects in meta-analyses of clinical trials are true and whether their magnitude is inflated.

Study Design and Setting: Data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 (issue 4) and 2010 (issue 1) were used. We considered meta-analyses with binary outcomes and four or more trials in 2005 with P < 0.05 for the random-effects odds ratio (OR). We examined whether any of these meta-analyses had updated counterparts in 2010. We estimated the credibility (true-positive probability) under different prior assumptions and inflation in OR estimates in 2005.

The patient made an uneventful recovery and

was discharged the day after the procedure. In this article, we review the anatomy of the extracranial arterial system of the head and neck, discuss the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of pseudoaneurysm, and present diagnostic imaging and treatment options for pseudoaneurysms of the face. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 110: 579-584)”
“The popularity of genetically modified insect resistant (Bt) cotton 8-Bromo-cAMP molecular weight has promoted large scale monocultures, which is thought to worsen the problem of crop genetic homogeneity. Information on genetic diversity among Bt cotton varieties is lacking. We evaluated genetic divergence among 19 Bt cotton genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Thirty-seven of 104 surveyed primers were found informative. Fifty-two primers selected on the basis of reported intra-hirsutum polymorphism in a cotton marker database showed a high degree of polymorphism, 56% compared to 13% for randomly selected ACY-241 Epigenetics inhibitor primers. A total of 177 loci were amplified, with an average of 1.57 loci per primer, generating 38 markers. The amplicons ranged in size from 98 to 256 bp. The genetic similarities among the 19 genotypes ranged from 0.902 to 0.982, with an average of 0.947, revealing a lack of diversity. Similarities among genotypes from public sector organizations

were higher than genotypes developed by private companies. Hybrids were found to be more distant compared to commercial cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Cluster analysis grouped the 19 Bt cotton genotypes into three major clusters and two independent entries. Cultivars IR-3701, Ali Akbar-802 and advanced breeding line VH-259 grouped in subcluster B2, with very narrow genetic distances despite dissimilar parentage. We found a very high level of similarity among Pakistani-bred Bt cotton varieties, which means that genetically diverse recurrent parents should be included to enhance genetic diversity. The intra-hirsutum

polymorphic SSRs were found to be highly informative for molecular genetic diversity studies in these cotton varieties.”
“We have studied the surface cleaning of Sb-based compound semiconductors using HF, NH(4)OH, and HCl cleans and the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated subsequently. BAY 11-7082 mw GaSb, InGaSb, and AlGaSb surfaces are investigated using low-energy radiation from the synchrotron. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) and photoluminescence measurements are carried out on capacitors made with Al(2)O(3) from atomic layer deposition and corroborated with the results from synchrotron spectroscopy. Excellent C-V characteristics with a mid-band-gap interface state density of 3 x 10(11)/cm(2) eV are obtained on samples with the HCl clean. This is consistent with the finding that only the HCl acid clean is able to remove the native oxides present on GaSb and InGaSb surfaces, and produce clean and stable surfaces suitable for MOSFET development.

However, very few studies have examined the cognitive status of patients with genetically defined FRDA. Our aim was to study cognitive performance of FRDA patients taking into account the motor problems characteristic of this clinical population. Thirty-six FRDA patients were Immunology & Inflammation inhibitor administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring multiple domains: processing speed, attention, working memory, executive functions, verbal and visual memory, visuoperceptive and visuospatial skills, visuoconstructive functions, and language.

Thirty-one gender, age, years of education, and estimated IQ-matched healthy participants served as control subjects. All participants were native Spanish speakers. Patients showed decreased motor and mental speed, problems in conceptual thinking, a diminished verbal fluency, deficits in acquisition of verbal information and use of semantic strategies in retrieval, visuoperceptive and visuoconstructive problems, and poor action naming. Scores on the depression inventory were significantly higher in patients than controls, but depression did not account for group differences in cognitive performance. The observed pattern of neuropsychological impairment is indicative of executive problems and parieto-temporal dysfunction. Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies with FRDA patients have reported only mild anomalies in cerebral hemispheres.

Thus, cognitive impairment in FRDA is probably caused by the interruption of the cerebro-cerebellar circuits that have been proposed as the anatomical substrate of LCL161 in vitro the cerebellar

involvement in cognition.”
“The oral microbiome consists of a planktonic microbiome residing in saliva and an adhering microbiome (the biofilm adhering to oral hard and soft tissues). Here we hypothesized that possible differences in microbial composition of the planktonic and adhering oral microbiome on teeth can be related to the forces by which different bacterial species are attracted to the tooth surface. The relative presence of 7 oral bacterial species in saliva and biofilm collected from 10 healthy human volunteers was determined twice in each volunteer by denaturing-gradient-gel electrophoresis. Analysis of both microbiomes showed complete separation of the planktonic from the adhering oral microbiome. Next, adhesion forces of corresponding bacterial strains Selumetinib solubility dmso with saliva-coated enamel surfaces were measured by atomic force microscopy. Species that were found predominantly in the adhering microbiome had significantly higher adhesion forces to saliva-coated enamel (-0.60 to -1.05 nN) than did species mostly present in the planktonic microbiome (-0.40 to -0.55 nN). It is concluded that differences in composition of the planktonic and the adhering oral microbiome are due to small differences in the forces by which strains adhere to saliva-coated enamel, providing an important step in understanding site- and material-specific differences in the composition of biofilms in the oral cavity.