The characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. All participants were able to walk, with 10 (19%) classified as independently mobile and the remainder requiring supervision or assistance to walk. One participant noted redness and minor itching around the dressing that secured the monitor but did not withdraw due to the minor nature of this irritation. There were no other adverse events and three full days of data were available for analysis for all participants. selleckchem No participant completed a 10-minute bout of moderate intensity physical activity. No participant accumulated a total of 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity

on any day according to criteria of cadence > 60 or energy expenditure > 3 METs. When using the threshold value of > 1075 activity counts per 15 seconds, one participant accumulated check details 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on one day. Nine participants accumulated a total of 15 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity in a day according to the activity counts threshold. Some participants met guidelines on more than one day monitored, therefore the number of days on which the guidelines were met are also presented in Table 2. Participants took a median of 398 (IQR 140 to 993) steps per day. The most active participant took 2628 steps on one day. Participants spent a median of 8 (IQR 3 to 16)

minutes walking per day and a mean of 58 (SD 37) minutes upright and 23.0 (SD 0.7) hours sitting or lying down per day. Patients did not meet physical activity guidelines regardless of other clinical factors. Days post acute event, diagnosis, and co-morbidities did not impact significantly on physical activity levels. Patients who were classified as independently mobile (n = 10) had higher admission FIM scores (mean difference 14, 95% CI 4 to 24) and took significantly more steps per day (mean difference 496, 95% CI 116 to 876) compared to those who required supervision

or assistance to ambulate (n = 44), but they still did not meet physical activity guidelines. There was a moderate, negative correlation between steps taken per day and length of stay (r = −0.43, p < 0.01) ( Figure 2) and a moderate, unless positive correlation between steps taken per day and discharge FIM mobility score (r = 0.39, p < 0.01). When participants took less than or equal to the median number of steps per day (398 steps per day), their mean length of stay was 24 (SD 17) days. Participants who took more than the median steps per day had a mean length of stay of 14 (SD 4) days. Overall, steps per day was not significantly correlated with the change in FIM mobility score per day (r = 0.17, p = 0.21). Considering participants who took less than or equal to the median number of steps per day there was no correlation with FIM mobility change per day (r = 0.23, p = 0.24).

It was anticipated that PRV would be safe in HIV-infected

infants despite the fact that it is a live virus vaccine because: (1) PRV is composed of 5 human-bovine reassortant strains that are not pathogenic for humans, replicating poorly in the intestinal tract [21]; (2) wild-type rotavirus does not lead to a different presentation or more severe disease in HIV-infected children as compared to HIV-negative children [4], [6], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26] and [27]; and (3) HIV-infected infants generally have good tolerability to early OPV, another live oral vaccine [21] and [28]. Safe use of live rotavirus vaccines among HIV-infected children is critical, as diarrheal disease causes immense morbidity and mortality in both HIV-infected and HIV negative infants AT13387 supplier and many infants may not be diagnosed with HIV infection by the time they should be receiving their first rotavirus vaccine dose [29]. SB203580 chemical structure In a trial of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine among HIV-infected infants in South Africa, 100 HIV-infected infants were randomized to receive vaccine or placebo and followed for safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity. This trial found that three doses of rotarix were safe in HIV-infected

infants and the vaccine was immunogenic [30]. While our trial did not find a significant risk associated with administering PRV to HIV-infected infants, an insufficient number of HIV-infected participants were enrolled to fully assess safety; further study

on this aspect of PRV safety is needed. Indeed, additional data are expected from an on-going trial of PRV specifically focused on HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected infants of HIV-infected mothers in Botswana, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe [31]. The overall mortality observed among the trial cohort was 57.2/1000 person-years (60.7/1000 person-years for the vaccine group and 53.8/1000 person-years for the placebo group). By contrast the overall infant mortality (6 weeks to 23 months of age) in this geographic area during the same time period was 74.6/1000 live births [17]. Our trial did not enroll very ill children. This, plus the impact of quality care provided to both treatment groups during the trial, may have resulted in the lower mortality rates in both vaccine Ketanserin and placebo recipients. Among all 72 vaccine and placebo recipients who died, the age at death, time to death after enrollment and causes of death were similar. The high mortality observed among the HIV-infected participants was not unexpected, as more than one-half of HIV-infected infants are expected to die within the first 2 years of life without antiretroviral treatment [32], and 42% of the HIV-infected infants in this trial were classified as malnourished. The PRV trial demonstrated 83.4% (25.5–98.2%) efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in Kenya in the first year of life, indicating 3.3 cases of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis prevented per 100 person-years [14].

Although disease enhancement after vaccination has been identified for some other diseases the negative vaccine effectiveness for the Shamir vaccine is probably an artefact (residual age-confounding and collinearity). The confidence intervals show the uncertainty in the modelled Shamir VE. It could be argued that outbreaks are cases of vaccine failure that do not represent typical vaccine performance. If so, vaccine effectiveness estimates

would be pessimistic. That said, findings were consistent with (a) vaccine matching r1-values which suggested a good match for the homologous TUR 11 vaccine and a poor match for the Shamir vaccine (see Section 2) and (b) the large number of outbreaks seen within the Turkish vaccination programme. VE for the TUR 11 vaccine is comparable with the 60%–85% vaccine selleck chemicals JNJ-26481585 clinical trial efficacy that would

be expected for a 3PD50 vaccine [14] and is close to OIE batch release requirements where >70%–75% of vaccinated cattle must have a protective titre [13]. When comparing the Shamir and TUR 11 vaccines, differences in VE are consistent with differences in vaccine match r1-values. The closest we had to a direct comparison of the two vaccines was in Afyon-1 where 11 doses of Shamir vaccine were used in one village whilst TUR 11 vaccine was used in the other investigated village. The TUR 11 vaccine was approximately twice as effective with 3/11 (27%) affected in cattle vaccinated with the Shamir vaccine and 11/80 (14%) in the TUR 11 vaccinated cattle Oxymatrine (see Table 2), however, this comparison was under-powered. TUR 11 vaccine performance varied, possibly due to variability in (1) field conditions, e.g. season, time since vaccination, coverage, husbandry, body condition, nutrition and other animal factors; (2) vaccine potency at point of production; or (3) vaccine delivery (e.g. cold chain or shelf life adherence). The reduction in VE with increasing time since vaccination was as expected, with protection due to the TUR 11 vaccine declining after 100 days. The Shamir VE

appeared to decline sooner (after 50 days) (Table 2). The findings differ to those from a PD50 challenge study. A high potency (>6PD50) Shamir vaccine held in the EU vaccine bank protected against clinical FMD when challenged with the Turkish FMD Asia-1 Sindh-08 field virus [15]. Differences in protection will partly reflect differences in potency as poor vaccine match may be overcome if high potency vaccines are used [16] and in the challenge study the vaccine used was likely to be much greater than 6PD50. Furthermore, in the challenge study, animals were assessed at time of peak immunity (21 days after vaccination), whereas in the VE study time between vaccination and challenge varied from one to five months. NSP serology is a sensitive method of detecting animals with significant systemic viral replication [17]. As this will correlate with virus shedding, NSP status is a suitable outcome for vaccine evaluation.

External cooling was applied throughout the process to keep the temperature below 108 °C and the stirring was continued for 30 minutes after all of the bromine had been added. The precipitate of imino-benzothiazole hydrobromide

was removed by filtration with a pump, dissolved in warm water, and the base was Quisinostat clinical trial precipitated with alkali. The residue was recrystallized from alcohol or ligroin to yield the derivatives of 2-amino-4-(5-or 6-) substituted benzothiazole (3a–h). To a mixture of phenylacetic acid/4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (0.0073 mol), anisole (0.0088 mol) and 88–93% orthophosphoric acid (0.0088 mol) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.0295) rapidly with vigorous stirring at 25 °C. The mixture turned into a dark colored solution and a vigorous exothermic reaction was observed. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at the same temperature and poured into ice-cold 3MA water (50 mL) with stirring, the products appeared as solid and the filtered solid, after washing with cold hexane (2 × 10 mL), was often analytically pure (6a–i). To a solution of (6a–i) (0.2 mol) in chloroform (30 ml) kept at 50 °C was added dropwise bromine (0.22 mol) with stirring. After being stirred at 50 °C for 0.5 h, the mixture was washed successively with aqueous 10% sodium thiosulphate solution and water. The solvent

was removed in vacuo to obtain the compounds (7a–i) either as sold mass/oil crystalline/liquid compounds. A mixture of 2-amino substituted benzothiazole (3a–h) (10 mmol) and an appropriate α-bromo-1-[4′-substituted] phenyl-2-[4″-(un)substituted] phenyl-1-ethanone (7a–i) (10 mmol) in dry ethanol (50 mL) was heated to reflux on a water bath for 6–8 h, phosphorus pentoxide (3 m mol) was added, and refluxing was continued for another 4–6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase overnight at room temperature. Excess of solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid hydrobromide separated was filtered, washed with cold ethanol, and dried. Neutralization of hydrobromide salts with cold aqueous solution of Na2CO3 yielded the corresponding free bases (8a–y), which were purified by recrystallization from dry ethanol. This

compound was prepared as per the above mentioned procedure purified and isolated as yellow solid: yield 49.0% mp 208 °C; IR (KBr) vmax 2950, 2834, 1714, 1280, 761 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 11 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.34–7.89 (m, 11H, Ar–H), 2.62 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 168.3, 157.7, 144.8, 139.7, 137.7, 134.8, 134.3, 133.4, 131.4, 130.6, 130.1, 130.4, 129.7, 129.3, 128.4, 126.6, 125.6, 124.3, 122.4, 22.4; HRMS (EI) m/z calcd for C23H15ClN2O2S: 418.0543; found: 418.0150. This compound was prepared as per the above mentioned procedure purified and isolated as dark yellow solid: yield 78.29% mp 201 °C; IR (KBr) vmax 2950, 2812, 1716, 1320, 745 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 11 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.20–7.70 (m, 11H, Ar–H), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH3); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 168.3, 162.4, 157.3, 144.2, 139.

Noteworthy, FITC fluorescence was confined to microchannels ( Fig. 9b), while diffuse Rh B fluorescence

was clearly observed around the pores and more extensively in Autophagy inhibitor cost deeper skin layers ( Fig. 9a). Depth penetration profiling demonstrated relatively deep Rh B permeation with detectable red fluorescence at 190 μm. On the other hand, the green FITC fluorescence was significantly reduced at a depth of 130 μm and almost disappeared at 150 μm ( Fig. 9c and d, respectively). Difference in permeation of Rh B and FITC was further substantiated by modulating the initial dye loading of NPs. While increasing Rh B loading (F6–F8, Table 1) generally resulted in a proportional significant increase in flux (Fig. 10), an increase in FITC loading (F9–F11) had an opposite effect (Fig. 10). Results verified the role of solubility as a primary determinant of the flux of small size permeants across hydrophilic deeper skin layers. Release of a larger amount of the water soluble Rh B dye around the NPs depot sites would build up a larger concentration gradient, the main driving force for transport of soluble permeants [20]. Increasing the concentration of hydrophilic permeants such as naltrexone salts resulted in increased MN-mediated transdermal flux [48]. Although

data for more drugs are needed, drug loading of nanocarriers is a formulation factor

that can be modulated to control permeation of nanoencapsulated drugs with different molecular characteristics BIBW2992 supplier through microporated skin for different skin delivery purposes. Skin permeation data (Table 2) and CLSM imaging (Fig. 9) combined with absence of NPs in the receiver compartment during the study as confirmed by TEM provided sufficient evidence to suggest that only the free dye released from NPs permeated skin layers to the receiver compartment of the diffusion cell. It is worth mentioning that porcine skin barrier function proved to be maintained for 48 h using TEWL measurements [31] which was verified in this study by the absence of NPs in the receiver compartment after 48 h. Further, data see more indicated that post-infiltration of NPs in MN-created microchannels, a process affected largely by NPs characteristics, skin permeation rates of the released dyes were determined primarily by their molecular characteristics. The more hydrophilic Rh B dye permeated MN-treated skin at a significantly greater rate compared to the hydrophobic FITC dye of smaller MW, though both were encapsulated in PLGA NPs with similar properties. Findings tend to indicate that the MN/nanoencapsulation combined approach could be of benefit in enhancing transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs and controlling dermal localization of hydrophobic drugs.

L’association à une néoplasie endocrinienne multiple de type 1 (NEM1) et à un cas de neurofibromatose de type 1 a été rapportée [31]. La rareté de ces associations ne justifie donc pas d’étude génétique systématique. La recherche par l’interrogatoire d’antécédents personnels ou familiaux compatibles avec un syndrome de prédisposition génétique, l’examen clinique et l’analyse des résultats du bilan phosphocalcique sont suffisants. Au sein des NEM1, il n’existe pas de relation génotype-phénotype permettant de sélectionner

les cas plus susceptibles de développer un insulinome malin. On citera toutefois une publication décrivant l’observation de 3 patients de sexe masculin atteints d’insulinomes dont deux malins, issus d’une même famille perse porteuse de la mutation (c199_200del2) [32]. D’autre part, les insulinomes malins sont

parfois Gefitinib nmr multiples en l’absence de terrain génétique démontré [25]. Elle complète l’anatomopathologie pour établir la classification pTNM (ENETS et OMS-UICC 2010). Le mode de dissémination de l’insulinome malin est d’abord locorégional par atteinte des premiers relais ganglionnaires, des tissus adjacents (tissu adipeux, vaisseaux) et des organes péri-pancréatiques (rate, estomac, voies biliaires…) [33] avant de s’étendre au foie [28]. Des cas d’« insulinomes VE-822 concentration géants » correspondant à de présentations tumorales localement avancées ont été ainsi rapportés [34]. Suivant le modèle de diffusion métastatique des TNE du pancréas, l’atteinte ganglionnaire médiastinale et cervicale, métastastique osseuse

et plus rarement métastastique pulmonaire est attendue [35]. Dans le cadre du bilan pré-thérapeutique, il est recommandé de réaliser un scanner abdomino-pelvien avec un temps artériel tardif (30′’) et veineux portal (60′’), associé à une IRM hépatique. Thymidine kinase L’écho-endoscopie joue un rôle majeur, pour l’identification de l’insulinome, l’étude des rapports anatomiques avec les canaux pancréatiques ou les vaisseaux, la recherche d’une multifocalité et de métastases ganglionnaires. En cas d’envahissement hépatique important, il est recommandé de réaliser un scanner thoracique et une IRM du rachis de façon systématique. L’imagerie fonctionnelle par scintigraphie des récepteurs de la somatostatine (OctreoScan®) complète le bilan d’extension. Elle est positive en moyenne dans 50 % des cas [36], [37], [38] and [39]. Le niveau de fixation doit être précisé afin d’anticiper la place d’un éventuel traitement par radiothérapie métabolique. D’autres traceurs (fluoro-déoxyglucose, analogues de la somatostatine marqués au Gallium ou analogues marqués du GLP1) ont aussi montré des résultats intéressants [36], [40], [41] and [42]. En cas de rechute symptomatique, on recherchera une forme multifocale pancréatique, une extension ganglionnaire, une extension hépatique parfois microscopique (intérêt de l’IRM ou d’une exploration cœlioscopique hépatique).

CSD is wicking agent, which initiated and propagated Ibrutinib water channel by swelling and ultimately enhanced drug dissolution and release in micro levels. This mechanism facilitated drug permeation from acrylate-co-polymer adhesive matrix. From release pattern of all formulation and other study of the prepared patches it can be concluded that formulation code F9 can be considered as optimized formulation amongst all which showed the lag time of 3.64 h ( Table 4). Different kinetic modeling of drug permeation data revealed that formulation code F9 followed the Higuchi model (R2 = 0.9965) which indicated the drug release pattern is diffusion mechanism. The value of n for the formulation code F9 is

higher than 1 indicating super case II transport diffusion which could be observed when there is presence of the influence of polymer relaxation on molecules’ movement in the matrix. The cumulative in-vitro drug release of optimized formulation code F9 was determined by using human cadaver epidermis and compared against permeation through rat

skin ( Fig. 3) showed 612.37 μg/cm2 releases at the end of 24 h ( Table 5). This decreased permeation might be due to the presence of lesser hair follicle on human Afatinib cadaver skin as compared to rat skin. The theoretical input rate required for FVS from transdermal therapeutic matrix system can be calculated by the equation: in vivo input = in vivo output = Css × Vd × Ke × 70. The equation derived value is 144.398 μg/h. It was possible to release the drug with the release rate 26.63 μg/cm2/h by formulation

code F9. So that, it can be concluded that a transdermal patch with the area of 5.42 cm2 should be able to maintain input rate of FVS for the period of 24 h. From Table 4, higher skin irritation extent for the placebo patch shown by formulation F6 which might be due to higher concentration of DT 9301. In PSA there is minute presence of monomer, which initiates sensitization Rolziracetam during patch application. The problem was subsequently eliminated in the further formulation when lesser concentration of Durotak was used in compositions. Optimized formulation F9 did not reported any type of irritation. Stability study carried out for flux determination showed 28.87 ± 0.46 μg/cm2/h drug permeation rate at the end of 3 months. Comparison of in-vitro permeation profile of optimized patch after 180 days has been carried out against unconstrained condition patch have shown no significant difference in their release profile (p > 0.05). In the present work, new approach has been created for the relief of hypercholesterolemia by developing matrix type transdermal drug delivery system of fluvastatin sodium. From the experimental studies and physicochemical characterizations of drug-polymer, combination of DT 9301 and E RL 100 proved its effectiveness to fabricate them in transdermal patch.

Focusing on increasing the vaccination in pregnant women belonging to medical risk-groups may be a more cost-effective and so far scientifically more well-founded approach [8]. However, ultimately, the decision to vaccinate or not will

also have to be guided by context dependent factors e.g. incidence of other diseases and the feasibility of different prevention methods. Finally, we infer that much could be gained by conducting a European-wide retrospective, register-based study of the hospital admissions of pregnant women, with special focus on influenza. Harmonized study methods for all countries Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor would enable national estimates of NNV and comparisons of the results between countries that would not be

hampered by different modelling strategies but rather reflect the circumstances in each country. Work at the Swedish Institute Anti-diabetic Compound Library order for Communicable Disease Control was supported by the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control and work at the National Board of Health and Welfare was supported by the National Board of Health and Welfare. The authors are indebted to: Anders Jacobsson, statistician at the National Board of Health and Welfare for providing the investigators with the aggregated data from the National Patient Register and the Swedish Medical Birth Register; Mikael Andersson Franko, statistician at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences for advice on appropriate statistical models for the influenza attributable hospitalizations. “
“Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) are reactions or other events that occur after receiving a vaccine, which may or may

not be causally related to the vaccination. Increased incidence of AEFIs among subgroups of individuals could help to identify vulnerable subpopulations of children and/or issues with the safety profile of a vaccine. In previous work we reported a significant increase in ER visits and acute admissions to hospital following measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination recommended at 12 and 18 months of age [1]. For the recommended 2-, 4- and 6-month diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenza type Ketanserin b, inactivated poliovirus (DTaP-IPV-Hib) vaccinations, we found no increase in admissions and ER visits in the post-vaccination period [2]. Using methods developed in our previous work, we have identified a number of risk factors that may increase susceptibility to AEFI, including birthweight at term [3], prematurity [4], socioeconomic status [5], sex [6] and birth order [7]. Additionally, a number of studies have reported that the season of birth affects the risk of immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease [8], [9], [10] and [11].

00 mL/min (Fig. 2A). The use of PDA

detector allows optimum utilization of online UV spectra to assess peak purity. The peaks recorded with a retention time in all the chromatograms of eugenol from ayurvedic formulations resulted to be within the peak purity limits. These data excludes the presence of significant interference by other plant constituents. A good linearity was successfully achieved in the concentration range of 50.00 ng/mL to 50,000.00 ng/mL. The regression equation and correlation coefficient was found to y = 96149x − 14341 and R2 = 0.996. The relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA) of each characteristic from samples related to the reference peak was calculated for quantifying eugenol from ayurvedic formulations: Caturjata Churna, Lavangadi Vati, Jatiphaladi Churna, Sitopaladi Churna and clove oil. The concentration (mg/gm) and % CV are shown below in Table 1. The LOD and LOQ were determined 3-deazaneplanocin A mw from both the values of calibration curve and with signal to noise ratios of 3 and 10 respectively. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 25.00 ng/mL and 50.00 ng/mL. The acceptance criterion for system suitability is ±2% for the OTX015 per cent coefficient of the variation of the peak area and retention time of the drug. The values are depicted in Table 2 which indicated good performance of the system. The precision and accuracy % RSD values for recovery at each level was not more

than ±0.2% for whatever accuracy and were within the acceptable limits to meet the guidelines for analytical method validation. The accuracy was determined by means of recovery of the added analytes at three different concentration (low, medium and high level) as well as S.D. of the assays. The results recorded for accuracy studies mean recovery values for all ayurvedic formulations were always higher

than 85% as indicated in Table 2. The % CV intraday and interday results were obtained in the values ranging between 0.33–1.21 and 1.08–1.58 individually. The mean assay result for intraday and interday precision was found to be 103.87% and 104.30% respectively. Since there was no impurity of peaks in the chromatograms, the values obtained indicate that solution is stable for at 24 days at ambient temperature. The accuracy of both the methods was good with the deviation between the nominal concentration and calculated concentration well below the limits of 15%. Thus, intraday and interday precision and accuracy data indicated that the method is validated, highly reproducible reliable and satisfactory. Stability of eugenol from Caturjata Churna, Lavangadi Vati, Jatiphaladi Churna, Sitopaladi Churna and Clove Oil for 12 h and 24 days was evaluated. The experimental conditions were deliberately altered for determining the robustness of the assay method and check the reliability of an analysis with respect to deliberate variations in method parameters.

The extraction yield was 26% of the dry weight. The results of phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, tannins and phenol. The test for alkaloid was negative. Total RG7204 phenol and flavonol content of the methanolic extract was 34 mg/g and 28.1 mg/g of dry sample. The zones of inhibition of H. japonicum methanolic extract against fourteen bacterial cultures are tabulated in Table 1. The extract had a broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were inhibited by the extract except P. aeruginosa. The MIC of the extract was 1 mg/ml against all the test

cultures used except E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa. Total antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of H. japonicum was 37.28 ± 0.54 μg/mg of the extract as estimated by Molybdenum reduction assay. The antiradical power of the extract was determined by using DPPH stable free radicals. Dose dependent DPPH radical quenching by the extract and BHA were compared in Fig. 1. The IC50 values of the extract and BHA were 77.7 ± 5.6 μg/ml and 55.85 ± 6.89 μg/ml respectively. The extract and quercetin both inhibited β-carotene bleaching up to 25 h at three tested

concentrations (1000 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml). Complete bleaching of β-carotene was observed after 17 h in absence of extract or standard. The antioxidant activity of the extract and quercetin after 25 h of incubation CH5424802 clinical trial was 83.18% and 63.01% respectively at the concentration of 100 μg per assay. Dose dependent activity Calpain of the extract is shown in Fig. 2A. The β-carotene bleaching with lapse of time in presence and absence of extract and quercetin was compared in Fig. 2B. The activity of the extract was significantly higher than control and quercetin (at P ≤ 0.001). The activity of

H. japonicum methanolic extract was 31% better than quercetin. The extract and quercetin inhibited the lipid peroxidation by 95.38% and 94.16% respectively at the concentration of 15 μg per assay. A dose dependent DNA protection activity was observed in H. japonicum extract ( Fig. 3). Smeared DNA band in control (without extract or quercetin) represents the hydroxyl radical mediated DNA damage. The band smearing was decreased with increase in the concentration of extract and quercetin from 100 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml. DNA bands were similar to that of native calf thymus DNA at the concentration of 500 μg/ml. The HPLC fingerprint of the methanolic extract is given in Fig. 4. Six phenolic acids and two flavonoids were identified based on retention time compared with that of reference standards. Percentage composition of each of the phenolic acids in the extract is given in Table 2. H. japonicum is a well known medicinal plant in China.