1 region during the evolution of Homo sapiens(7); we found this locus to be deleted or duplicated in the individuals we studied, making it a probable candidate for the head size abnormalities

observed. We propose that recurrent reciprocal microdeletions and microduplications within 1q21.1 represent previously Selleckchem Navitoclax unknown genomic disorders characterized by abnormal head size along with a spectrum of developmental delay, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, dysmorphic features and congenital anomalies. These phenotypes are subject to incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.”
“The involvement of sodium/potassium-ATPase in regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is inferred from in vitro studies. Recently, the alpha-klotho-dependent rapid recruitment of this ATPase to the parathyroid cell plasma membrane in response to low extracellular calcium ion was suggested to be linked to increased hormone secretion. In this study, we used an in vivo rat model to determine the importance of sodium/potassium-ATPase in PTH secretion. Glands were exposed and treated in situ with vehicle or ouabain, a specific inhibitor of sodium/potassium-ATPase. PTH secretion was significantly increased in response to ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid-induced acute hypocalcemia and to the same extent in both vehicle and ouabain groups. The glands were removed, and inhibition

of the ATPase was measured by (86)rubidium uptake, which was found to be significantly decreased in ouabain-treated HM781-36B research buy parathyroid glands, indicating inhibition of the ATPase. As ouabain induced systemic hyperkalemia, the effect of high potassium on hormone secretion was also examined but was found to have no effect. Thus, inhibition of the parathyroid gland sodium/potassium-ATPase Cilengitide in vitro activity in vivo had no effect on the secretory response to acute hypocalcemia. Hence, the suggested importance of this ATPase in the regulation of PTH secretion could not be confirmed in this in vivo model. Kidney International (2011) 79, 742-748; doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.501; published online 5 January 2011″
“Results of (10,9)CASSCF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* level calculations on the potential surface for the electrocyclic

ring closure of E-7-azahepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene 3 to 1-aza-6-methylidenecyclohexa-2,4-diene (4) are reported, as well as parallel calculations on the electrocyclizations of hepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene 5, hexa-1,3,5-triene 7, Z and E-1-aza-1,3,5-hexatrienes 9 and 10, and Z-7-azahepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene 12 for purposes of careful comparison. The 3 -> 4 rearrangement has been studied computationally with density functional theory (DFT) by others, leading to disagreement over whether it is pseudopericyclic (de Lera, A. R.; Alvarez, R.; Lecea, B.; Torrado, A.; Cossio, F. P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 557-561; de Lera, A. R.; Cossio, F. P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1.150-1152) or pericyclic (Rodriguez-Otero, J.; Cabaleiro-Lago, E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1147-1150).

A non-human primate model in rhesus macaques was developed to study H9N2 virus infections as a means of better understanding the pathogenesis and virulence of this virus, in addition

to testing antiviral drugs. Rhesus macaques inoculated with H9N2 AIV presented with biphasic fever and viral pneumonia. H9N2 was recovered from nasal washes and pharyngeal samples up to days 7-9 postinfection, followed by an increase in HI (hemagglutination inhibition) BB-94 antibody titers. Tissue tropism and immunohistochemistry indicated that H9N2 AIV replicated in the upper respiratory tract (turbinate, trachea, and bronchus) and in all lobes of the lung. Our data suggest that rhesus macaques are a suitable animal model to study H9N2 influenza virus infections, particularly in the context of viral evolution and pathogenicity.”
“Background:\n\nAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is one of the etiological pathogens implicated in the onset of periodontal disease. This pathogen produces cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) that acts as a genotoxin to induce cell cycle arrest and cellular

distension in cultured cell lines. Therefore, CDT is a possible virulence factor; however, the in vivo activity of CDT on periodontal tissue has not been explored. Here, CDT was topically applied into the rat molar gingival sulcus; and the periodontal tissue was histologically and immunohistochemically examined.\n\nMaterials and Methods:\n\nRecombinant purified A. actinomycetemcomitans https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BEZ235.html CDT was applied to gingival sulcus of male Wistar rats and tissue samples were immunohistochemmically examined.\n\nResults:\n\nOne day after application, infiltration of neutrophils and dilation of blood vessels in the gingival connective tissue were found. At day three, desquamation and detachment of cells in the junctional epithelium was observed.

Geneticin inhibitor This abrasion of junctional epithelium was not observed in rats treated with mutated CDT, in which a His274Ala mutation is present in the CdtB subunit. This indicates the tissue abrasion may be caused by the genotoxicity of CdtB. Expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for proliferating cells, was significantly suppressed using CDT treatment in the junctional epithelium and gingival epithelium.\n\nConclusion:\n\nUsing the rat model, these data suggest CDT intoxication induces cell cycle arrest and damage in periodontal epithelial cells in vivo.”
“Previous research has demonstrated that a parameter extracted from a power function fit to the anatomical noise power spectrum, beta, may be predictive of breast mass lesion detectability in x-ray based medical images of the breast. In this investigation, the value of beta was compared with a number of other more widely used parameters, in order to determine the relationship between beta and these other parameters.

The FVIII:Ag contents of the rFVIII Kogenate, and Advate and a pd-FVIII-pd-VWF (Fanhdi) were measured by ELISA. The FX activation was initiated by adding 1.0 IU of FVIII:C of each FVIII-containing product to a coagulant phospholipids suspension

containing 1.0 nm FIXa, 100 nm FX, 1 mu m hirudin and 2 mm calcium chloride and measured after 1, 5 and 10 min. The same approach was followed after adding 2.0 IU of pd-VWF to1.0 IU of FVIII:C of Kogenate or Advate. The FVIII:Ag content/IU of FVIII:C of Kogenate, Advate and Fanhdi were 1.80 +/- 0.05, 1.31 +/- 0.9 and 0.84 +/- 1.5 IU respectively. Only Kogenate and Advate effectively enhanced FX activation 1 min after adding each FVIII:C to the coagulant suspension containing FIXa and FX. Thus, the FXa initially generated by FIXa readily activated FVIII:C in control Kogenate and Advate to thereby effectively enhance FX activation while the VWF in Fanhdi continued to suppress FX activation AY 22989 for up to 10 min. Caspase inhibitor review Addition of pd-VWF to Kogenate or Advate effectively decreased their enhancements of FX activation to the same level as Fanhdi over 10 min. The FVIII:Ag fraction in Kogenate and Advate that cannot bind VWF appears to be inactive as it has no measureable FVIII:C activity in the presence of added VWF in vitro.”
“The ectodermal neural

cortex (ENC) gene family, whose members are implicated in neurogenesis, is part of the kelch repeat superfamily. To date, ENC genes have been identified only in osteichthyans, although other kelch repeat-containing genes are prevalent throughout bilaterians. The lack of elaborate molecular phylogenetic analysis with exhaustive taxon sampling has obscured the possible link of the establishment of this gene family with vertebrate novelties. In this study, we identified ENC homologs in diverse vertebrates by means of database mining and polymerase chain reaction screens. Our analysis revealed that the ENC3 ortholog was lost in the basal eutherian lineage through single-gene deletion and that the Selleckchem MX69 triplication between ENC1, -2, and -3 occurred

early in vertebrate evolution. Including our original data on the catshark and the zebrafish, our comparison revealed high conservation of the pleiotropic expression pattern of ENC1 and shuffling of expression domains between ENC1, -2, and -3. Compared with many other gene families including developmental key regulators, the ENC gene family is unique in that conventional molecular phylogenetic inference could identify no obvious invertebrate ortholog. This suggests a composite nature of the vertebrate-specific gene repertoire, consisting not only of de novo genes introduced at the vertebrate origin but also of long-standing genes with no apparent invertebrate orthologs. Some of the latter, including the ENC gene family, may be too rapidly evolving to provide sufficient phylogenetic signals marking orthology to their invertebrate counterparts.

Also, only small changes in compensatory regrowth were detected. Finally, we did not observe changes in below-ground tissues’ defenses or biomass a week following 50% removal of leaf tissues at either age class or history of damage. Together, these results suggest that in P. lanceolata and perhaps Small molecule library nmr other systems, ontogenetic trajectories in plant growth and defenses leading to strong age-dependent induced responses may prevail over herbivore-induced indirect interactions.”
“This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different phases of feed restriction on the metabolism and placental indices of growing heifers inseminated with sexed semen of

one bull and on the birth weights of their calves. Red-Holstein heifers were randomly divided into three groups. C-group animals (N=17) daily received recommended energy and crude protein (standard diet). ER-Group animals (N=14) were fed 60% of recommended energy and crude protein for the first two pregnancy months followed by the standard diet. LR-group animals (N=13) were provided with the standard diet throughout the first seven months and with 60% energy and crude protein for the last two months of pregnancy. Blood metabolites and weights of dams were assessed regularly during pregnancy. Placenta weight, area of CCI-779 research buy placentomes and calves’

birth weights were examined directly after birth. The physiological levels of blood metabolites varied Selleck Alvocidib in

C-group animals during the different pregnancy stages. Both restriction periods resulted in reduced weight gain of the dams. ER-group animals showed a marked compensatory growth during mid-pregnancy. Serum glucose, cholesterol and beta-hydroxybutyrate were lower in ER-group animals compared with C-group animals during early restriction. During late restriction, only non-esterified fatty acids increased in LR-group animals. Placental parameter and calves’ birth weights did not differ between groups. Results indicate only minor effects of a 40% energy and protein restriction during early or late pregnancy in growing heifers on maternal metabolic and placental indices as well as on foetal development, but further studies might show long-term consequences of offspring. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Benzofuranone (BF1) was synthesized and its effects evaluated on mechanical hypersensitivity and paw edema models induced by different agents and on neuropathic pain induced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. An attempt was also made to elucidate the mechanism of action. METHODS: Swiss mice were used for the tests. Hypersensitivity was induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan, bradykinin (BK), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), epinephrine, lipopolysaccharide, or complete Freund adjuvant or by using a neuropathic pain model (evaluated with von Frey filament 0.6 g).

7 %, specificity 86.4 %). PCA-C2 scores were plotted voxel-wise as a probability-map, discerning distinct areas of presumed edema or tumor infiltration. Correction of spatial dependency appears essential when differentiating glioma from edema. A tumor-infiltration probability-map is presented, based on supplementary information of multiple DTI parameters and spatial normalization.”
“Background: In a previous study in pregnant American women, we reported that arginine flux and nitric oxide synthesis increased in trimester 2. More recently, we reported that Indian women do not increase PF-6463922 chemical structure arginine flux during pregnancy as their American or Jamaican counterparts

do. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Indian women of childbearing age are producing less arginine and/or catabolizing more arginine and therefore have less available for anabolic pathways than do Jamaican and American women. Methods: Thirty healthy women aged 28.3 +/- 0.8 y from the United States, India, and Jamaica (n = 10/group) were given 6 h primed, constant intravenous infusions of guanidino-N-15(2)-arginine, 5,5-H-2(2)-citrulline, N-15(2)-ornithine, and ring-H-2(5)-phenylalanine, in addition to primed, oral doses of U-C-13(6)-arginine in both the fasting and postprandial states. An oral dose of deuterium oxide was also given to determine fat-free mass (FFM). Results: Compared with American

women, Indian and Jamaican women had greater ornithine fluxes (mu mol . kg fat FFM-1 . h(-1)) Mekinist in the fasting and postprandial states (27.3 +/- 2.5 vs. 39.6 +/- 3.7 and 37.2 +/- 2.0, respectively, selleck compound P = 0.01), indicating greater arginine catabolism. However, Jamaican women had a higher endogenous arginine flux than did Indian and American women in the fasting (66.1 +/- 3.1 vs. 54.2 +/- 3.1 and 56.1 +/- 2.1, respectively, P= 0.01) and postprandial (53.8

+/- 2.2 vs. 43.7 +/- 4.9 and 42.8 +/- 3.1, respectively, P = 0.06) states. As a consequence, Indian women had lower arginine bioavailability (mu mol . kg FFM-1 h(-1)) in the fasting state (42.0 +/- 2.6) than did American (49.9 +/- 1.3, P = 0.045) and Jamaican (55.5 +/- 3.5, P = 0.004) women, as well as in the postprandial state (40.7 +/- 3.5 vs. 51.8 +/- 1.2 and 57.5 +/- 3.2, respectively, P = 0.001)., Conclusion: Compared with American and Jamaican women, Indian women of childbearing age have a decreased arginine supply because of increased arginine catabolism without an increase in arginine flux.”
“Multiconfigurational, intermediate valent ground states are established in several methyl-substituted bipyridine complexes of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ytterbium, Cp-2*Yb (Me-x-bipy). In contrast to Cp-2*Yb(bipy) and other substituted-bipy complexes, the nature of both the ground state and the first excited state are altered by changing the position of the methyl or dimethyl substitutions on the bipyridine rings.

Magnetic susceptibility studies indicate antiferromagnetic coupling between the Cu+2 ions with a singlet ground-state and triplet excited-state separated by |2J = 319(1) cm(-1)|.”
“Optimal carbon allocation to growth, defense, or storage is a critical trait in determining the shade tolerance of tree

species. Thus, examining interspecific differences in carbon allocation patterns is useful when evaluating niche partitioning in forest communities. We hypothesized that shade-tolerant species allocate more carbon to defense and storage and less to growth compared to shade-intolerant species. In gaps and Roscovitine concentration forest understory, we measured relative growth rates (RGR), carbon-based defensive compounds (condensed tannin, total phenolics), and storage compounds (total non-structural carbohydrate; TNC) in seedlings of two tree species differing ON-01910 nmr in shade tolerance. RGR was greater in the shade-intolerant species, Castanea crenata, than in the shade-tolerant species, Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, in gaps, but did not differ between the species in the forest understory. In contrast, concentrations

of condensed tannin and total phenolics were greater in Quercus than in Castanea at both sites. TNC pool sizes did not differ between the species. Condensed tannin concentrations increased with increasing growth rate of structural biomass (GRstr) in Quercus but not in Castanea. TNC pool sizes increased with increasing GRstr in both species, but the rate of increase did not differ between the species. Accordingly, the amount of condensed tannin against TNC pool sizes was usually higher in Quercus than in Castanea. see more Hence, Quercus preferentially invested more carbon in defense than in storage. Such a large allocation of carbon to defense would be advantageous for a shade-tolerant species, allowing Quercus to persist in the forest understory where damage from herbivores and pathogens is costly. In contrast, the shade-intolerant Castanea preferentially invested more carbon in growth rather

than defense (and similar amounts in storage as Quercus), ensuring establishment success in gaps, where severe competition occurs for light among neighboring plants. These contrasting carbon allocation patterns are closely associated with strategies for persistence in these species’ respective habitats.”
“Convolvulus arvensis L. causes special problems because of its ability to reproduce both through seeds but particularly through vegetative propagation, and also because it’s relative tolerance to numerous herbicides. Extending new tillage systems, conservative systems specific to conservative sustainable agriculture, is a difficult task to accomplish under the circumstances of strong dicotyledonous perennial weed infestation. C. arvensis is one of the most dangerous perennial dicotyledonous weeds when applying minimum tillage systems.

Direct differentiation of MSCs, as an Selleckchem Autophagy inhibitor important mechanism of injured kidney repair, warrants further investigation.”
“FLAGG SY, REGIS DP, PETERSEN K, MAHON RT. Interrupted oxygen prebreathing and decompression outcomes in swine. Aviat Space Environ Med 2013; 84:12-6. Background: Rescue from a disabled submarine may result in substantial risk for severe decompression sickness (DCS) among survivors. Oxygen prebreathe (OPB) before rapid decompression has been shown to significantly reduce risk or delay onset for severe DCS in animals. However, the duration of this benefit remains unknown and might even be lost if a delay between the prebreathe period to initiation of recompression therapy allows

for nitrogen reaccumulation. Methods: We hypothesized that the benefit of OPB would be lost following subsequent periods of air interruption in a 70-kg swine saturation model. Following OPB of 45 or 60 min with varying periods (30, 45, 60 min) of air interruption, 61 swine exposed to 2.7 ATA for 22 h were rapidly decompressed. Swine without OPB served as negative controls and swine treated

with 45 min of OPB without air interruption served as positive controls. Results: Comparing experimental groups for Type II DCS incidence showed OPB120/60 being the only experimental group (11%) statistically different than the negative control group OPB0 (80%). Log rank tests comparing Type II DCS free survival only showed statistically significant SBI-0206965 differences for OPB45/60 compared to positive control group OPB45, while, more importantly, demonstrating a significant difference for OPB120/60 compared to that approximated for OPB45, indicating a significant reversal of the air interruption effects with longer OPB on Type II DCS disease free survival. Discussion: Based on these findings we concluded that the protective effects of OPB against severe DCS are reduced with increasing periods of air interruption.”
“Background: The value of physical examination findings in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children may be limited, and the accuracy of physicians in predicting pneumonia is not known.\n\nObjective: We

sought to determine the correlation between physicians’ see more assessment of the likelihood of pneumonia and radiographic presence of pneumonia.\n\nMethods: Prospective observational study of children 21 years or younger presenting to a pediatric emergency department, who had a chest radiography performed for suspicion of pneumonia. Physicians recorded clinical findings and likelihood of pneumonia before obtaining the radiograph. Definite and probable pneumonia was defined by a radiologist’s interpretation of the radiograph.\n\nResults: Of 2071 children, 147 (7%) had definite radiographic pneumonia, whereas 321 (15%) had probable or definite pneumonia. Among patients perceived to be at lowest risk for pneumonia (<5% prediction), 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9%-5.7%) had definite pneumonia, and 10.0% (95% CI, 8.3%-12.

Discrimination factors were used in combination with a mixing model incorporating FA and lipid concentrations to estimate the diet of eiders fed a binary mixture with contrasting isotopic signatures. Diet estimates varied with FA but mean values closely approximated the actual proportions consumed. By tracking EFA, this study

avoided the complications in interpretation arising from isotopic routing of carbon in bulk isotope analyses and serves as a basis for the development of compound-specific isotopic methods to trace dietary input in wild eiders. However, our understanding of the processes contributing to the variation in isotopic signatures of FA in nature is currently limited, and we recommend that future research directions INCB018424 JAK/STAT inhibitor focus on elucidating these mechanisms.”
“Calorie restriction (CR) extends lifespans in a wide variety of species. CR induces an increase

in the NAD(+)/NADH ratio in cells and results in activation of SIRT1, an NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase that is thought to be a metabolic master switch linked to the modulation of lifespans. CR SNS-032 in vivo also affects the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The three subtypes, PPAR alpha, PPAR gamma, and PPAR beta/delta, are expressed in multiple organs. They regulate different physiological functions such as energy metabolism, insulin action and inflammation, and apparently act as important regulators of longevity and aging. SIRT1 has been reported to repress the PPAR gamma by docking with its co-factors and to promote fat mobilization. However, the correlation between SIRT1 and

other PPARs is not fully understood. CR initially induces a fasting-like RG7204 response. In this study, we investigated how SIRT1 and PPAR alpha correlate in the fasting-induced anti-aging pathways. A 24-h fasting in mice increased mRNA and protein expression of both SIRT1 and PPAR alpha in the livers, where the NAD(+) levels increased with increasing nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) activity in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. Treatment of Hepa1-6 cells in a low glucose medium conditions with NAD(+) or NADH showed that the mRNA expression of both SIRT1 and PPAR alpha can be enhanced by addition of NAD(+), and decreased by increasing NADH levels. The cell experiments using SIRT1 antagonists and a PPAR alpha agonist suggested that PPAR alpha is a key molecule located upstream from SIRT1, and has a role in regulating SIRT1 gene expression in fasting-induced anti-aging pathways.”
“When microbubble contrast agents are loaded with genes and systemically injected, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) facilitates focused delivery of genes to target tissues.

Finally, the association of p16 and miR-29b expression was assessed. Overall, no significant

association was found between any of the tested microRNAs and survival, with the exception of miR-21 for which a deleterious prognostic effect of lowered expression was suggested. Otherwise, no single or combinatorial microRNA expression profile predicted response to adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Together, our results indicate that the microRNA expression patterns examined were neither predictive nor prognostic in a large patient cohort with radically resected NSCLC, randomized to receive adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy versus follow-up only. Cancer Res; 70(21); 8288-98. (C) 2010 AACR.”
“Living cells are constantly subjected to various mechanical Cell Cycle inhibitor stimulations. They must see more sense the mechanical aspects of their environment and respond appropriately for proper cell function. In general, cells adhere to substrata. Thus, the cells must receive and respond to mechanical stimuli mainly from the substrata. For example, migrating cells can create their own polarity and migrate in a certain direction even in the absence of any attractive

substance. In order to generate such polarity, cells must sense mechanical stimuli from the substrata and transduce these stimuli into intracellular signals. To investigate the relationship between signals derived from mechanical stimuli and related cell functions, one of the most commonly used techniques

is the application of mechanical stimuli via stretching of elastic substrata. Here, we developed a new stretching device using a shape-memory alloy (SMA). An SMA has three advantages as an actuator of stretching devices: (i) the cost of the SMA required for the device is inexpensive, Selleckchem Navitoclax similar to$30 USD, (ii) the size of an SMA is very small (0.62 mm in diameter and 22 mm in length), and (iii) an SMA does not generate any vibrating noise, which can negatively affect cells. In response to the cyclic stretching by the new stretching device, Dictyostelium discoideum cells migrated perpendicular to the stretching direction and the migrating speed increased significantly. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that migrating cells can create their own polarity by the mechanical stimuli from the substrata.”
“Blood-borne tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles have been shown to play an important role in thrombus propagation in experimental models. The pathophysiologic role of these microparticles is being investigated in several prothrombotic conditions including cancer-associated thrombosis. Tumor cells are known to shed TF-bearing microparticles in vitro, and circulating TF-bearing microparticles can be measured in plasma samples from patients with advanced cancer.

Compared with the mutants https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-6258.html lacking the proline-rich sequence, wild type-aS is preferentially internalized and translocated to endosomes. The overexpression of Nedd4-1 increased aS in endosomes, whereas RNAi-mediated silencing of Nedd4-1 decreased endosomal aS. Although aS freely passes through plasma membranes within minutes, a pulse-chase experiment revealed that the overexpression of Nedd4-1 markedly decreased the re-secretion of internalized aS. Together, these findings demonstrate that Nedd4-1-linked Lys-63 ubiquitination specifies the fate of extrinsic and de novo synthesized aS by facilitating their targeting to endosomes.”
“Both in vitro

and in vivo hairy root transformation systems could not replace whole plant transformation for promoter analysis of root-specific www.selleckchem.com/products/btsa1.html and low-P induced genes in soybean. An efficient genetic transformation system is crucial

for promoter analysis in plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most popular method to produce transgenic hairy roots or plants. In the present study, first, we compared the two different Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation methods using either constitutive CaMV35S or the promoters of root-preferential genes, GmEXPB2 and GmPAP21, in soybean, and found the efficiency of in vitro hairy root transformation was significantly higher than that of in vivo transformation. We compared Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated whole plant transformation systems.

The results showed that low-phosphorous (P) inducible GmEXPB2 and GmPAP21 promoters could not induce the increased expression of the GUS reporter gene under R788 low P stress in both in vivo and in vitro transgenic hairy roots. Conversely, GUS activity of GmPAP21 promoter was significantly higher at low P than high P in whole plant transformation. Therefore, both in vitro and in vivo hairy root transformation systems could not replace whole plant transformation for promoter analysis of root-specific and low-P induced genes in soybean.”
“Androgens have important cardiometabolic actions in males, but their metabolic role in females is unclear. To determine the physiologic androgen receptor (AR)-dependent actions of androgens on atherogenesis in female mice, we generated female AR-knockout (ARKO) mice on an atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient background. After 8 weeks on a high-fat diet, but not on a normal chow diet, atherosclerosis in aorta was increased in ARKO females (+59% vs. control apoE-deficient mice with intact AR gene). They also displayed increased body weight (+18%), body fat percentage (+62%), and hepatic triglyceride levels, reduced insulin sensitivity, and a marked atherogenic dyslipidemia (serum cholesterol, +52%).