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province, China. [http://​ijs.​sgmjournals.​org/​cgi/​reprint/​44/​1/​151] Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994, 44:151–158.CrossRef 48. Beringer JE: R factor transfer in Rhizobium leguminosarum . J Gen Microbiol 1974, 84:188–198.PubMed 49. Laguerre G, van Berkum P, Amarger N, Prévost D: Genetic diversity of rhizobial symbionts isolated from legume species within learn more the genera Astragalus , Oxytropis , and Onobrychis . Appl GDC-0994 solubility dmso Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:4748–4758.PubMed 50. Zribi K, Mhamdi R, Huguet T, Aouani ME: Diversity selleck inhibitor of Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae nodulating Medicago truncatula according to host and soil origins. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 21:1009–1015.CrossRef

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Notes 2006, 6:288–295.CrossRef 57. Lowe A, Harris S, Ashton P: Ecological genetics: design, analysis, and application. Wiley-Blackwell, UK; 2004:326. 58. Nei M: Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973, 70:3321–3323.PubMedCrossRef 59. Wright S: The genetical structure of populations. Ann Eugen 1951, 15:323–354. 60. Agapow P-M, Burt A: Indices of multilocus linkage disequilibrium. Molecular Ecology Notes 2001, 1:101–102.CrossRef Authors’ contributions NE isolated the cultures, performed phenotyping and genotyping of the isolates, and also contributed in drafting the manuscript. ITA did sampling of the isolates, contributed to conception and the outline of the study, supervised phenotyping and drafting the manuscript.

5 55.4–110.6 15 73.2 41.0–120.7 6 42.9* 28.1–62.9 4 70.8 19.3–181.2 Respiratory disease 13 142.4 75.8–243.5 3 69.7 14.4–203.8 4 34.4* 9.4–88.0 0 0 0–235.3 Other causes 9 49.8* 22.7–94.5 6 68.9 25.3–149.9 20 73.8 45.1–114.0 0 0 0–128.3 Unknown 4     0     4     1     Neoplasm, cause specific 28     11     41     2      Oesophagus

CB-839 0 0 0–434.8 0 0 0–801.0 4 301.2 82.1–771.2 0 0 0–3,088.4  Stomach and small intestine 2 69.3 8.4–250.3 2 161.6 19.6–583.6 3 81.4 16.8–237.9 1 303.0 7.7–1,688.4  Large intestine 1 46.8 1.2–260.5 2 181.5 22.0–655.5 4 111.1 30.3–248.4 0 0 0–988.7  Rectum 2 213.5 25.9–771.0 0 0 0–701.6 4 317.7 86.6–813.5 0 0 0–2,651.1  Liver and biliary passages 1 181.2 4.6–1,009.4 1 354.6 9.0–1,975.8 2 217.9 26.4–787.0 0 0 0–4,048.3  Pancreas 2 148.7 18.0–537.2 0 0 0–429.8 1 44.6 1.1–248.5 0 0 0–1,673.6  Trachea and lung cancer 13 107.0 57.0–183.0 4 62.0 19.9–158.9 9 43.4* 19.8–82.3 0 0 0–181.5  Skin 0 0 0–1,089.4 0 0 0–2,024.1 3 575.8* 118.8–1,682.8 0 0 0–8,096.6  Kidney 1 127.7 3.2–711.6 0 0 0–690.3 1 65.9 1.7–367.3 0 0 0–2,674.8  Prostate cancer 2 67.1 8.1–242.4 0 0 0–208.8 3 75.2 15.5–219.8 0 0 0–696.7  Bladder cancer 3 252.3 52.0–737.4 0 0 0–513.0 0 0 0–169.3 0 0 0–1,849.2  Brain 0 0 0–649.8 0 0 0–1,105.4 1 99.5 2.5–554.4 0 0 0–4,608.8  Other lymphoma 0 0 0–606.4 Screening Library mw 0 0 0–963.3

1 90.8 2.3–506.1 0 0 0–3,609.3  Multiple STA-9090 mouse myeloma 0 0 0–367.4 0 0 0–1,232.8 1 129.0 3.3–718.9 1 1,538.5 39.0–8,571  Leukaemia 0 0 0–374.0 1 249.4 6.3–1,389.4 2 155.5 18.8–561.8 0 0 0–2,826.1  Unspecified 1 75.6 1.9–422.1 1 151.8 3.8–845.7 2 98.9 12.0–357.3 0 0 0–1,751.9 * P value <0.05 Discussion After 52 years of follow up, this cohort of 570 workers exposed to dieldrin and aldrin does not demonstrate any excess cancer mortality risk that could be related to exposure. There were no additional cases since the previous update (Swaen

et Adenosine al.

Mol Cell Neurosci 2004, 25:692–706.PubMedCrossRef 31. Smith JE, Afonja O, Yee HT, Inghirami G, Takeshita K: Chromosomal mapping to 15q14 and expression analysis of the human MEIS2 homeobox gene.

Mamm Genome 1997, 8:951–952.PubMedCrossRef 32. Ferretti E, Schulz H, Talarico D, Blasi F, Berthelsen J: The PBX-regulating protein PREP1 is present in different PBX-complexed forms in mouse. Mech Dev 1999, 83:53–64.PubMedCrossRef 33. Diaz VM, Bachi A, Blasi F: Purification of the Prep1 interactome identifies novel pathways regulated by Prep1. Proteomics 2007, 7:2617–2623.PubMedCrossRef 34. Berthelsen J, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIRB-796-(Doramapimod).html Zappavigna V, Mavilio F, Blasi F: Prep1, a novel functional partner of Pbx proteins. EMBO J 1998, 17:1423–1433.PubMedCrossRef 35. Longobardi E, Blasi F: Overexpression of PREP-1 in F9 teratocarcinoma selleck products cells

leads to a functionally relevant increase of PBX-2 by preventing SGC-CBP30 mouse its degradation. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:39235–39241.PubMedCrossRef 36. Micali N, Longobardi E, Iotti G, Ferrai C, Castagnaro L, Ricciardi M, Blasi F, Crippa MP: Down syndrome fibroblasts and mouse Prep1-overexpressing cells display increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2010. 37. Qiu Y, Song B, Zhao G, Deng B, Makino T, Tomita Y, Wang J, Luo W, Doki Y, Aozasa K, Morii E: Expression level of Pre B cell leukemia homeobox 2 correlates with poor prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2010, 36:651–663.PubMed 38. Zuckerman V, Wolyniec K, Sionov RV, Haupt S, Haupt Y: Tumour suppression by p53: the importance of apoptosis and cellular senescence. J Pathol 2009, 219:3–15.PubMed Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JAR-A, JT-F, and AA-L carried out the PCR experiments but were also involved in all of the experimental work. GH-F, PCO-L, and JML-D made up the cell culture and devised drug treatment and flow cytometry for apoptosis detection. RdC determined cell survival. AB-C, CG-D, OG-R, and EB-C were involved in the recruitment of patients with leukemia and controls. AA-L and LFJ-S performed the statistical analysis, conceived of and designed the study, and wrote the manuscript. All Pregnenolone authors helped to draft the manuscript and in reading and approving this final version.”
“1. Introduction Malignant glioma is one of the most common and fatal types of brain tumors in humans [1]. It is the second major cause of cancer-related deaths in both children and young adults, and it is the second fastest growing cause of cancer deaths among those over 65 years old [2–4]. Even when treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the median life expectancy of brain cancer patients is only 12-14 months [5, 6].

Almost 30.4% isolates expressed both the ermB and mef genes, whereas 69.6%

were positive for the ermB gene but negative for the mef gene. The resistant isolates had no different carrying proportions of both the ermB and mef genes, as well as only ermB, between the two p38 MAPK inhibitor aforementioned Selleck CUDC-907 pediatric age groups (P > 0.05) (Table 2). All mef-positive isolates carried the mefE gene. Among the erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal isolates, all the 123 tetracycline-resistant and intermediate isolates carried the tetM gene. However, eight of the 12 tetracycline-susceptible isolates carried the tetM gene. Up to 98.5% (133/135) of the resistant isolates exhibited the cMLSB phenotype, but only two isolates expressed the M phenotype. No iMLSB phenotype was found among the resistant isolates. Table 2 Detection of erythromycin-resistance genes for 135 erythromycin-resistant SGC-CBP30 clinical trial pneumococcal isolates Macrolide-resistance genes No. (%) Age group MICs (μg/mL) distribution (No.) MIC range (μg/mL) ermB mef 0 to 2 years 2 to 5 years 3 12 >256 + + 41 (30.4%) 18 (13.3%) 23 (17.1%) 1 1 39 3- > 256 + – 94 (69.6%) 36 (26.7%) 58 (42.9%)     94 >256 Transposon distribution Among the 135 erythromycin-resistant pneumococci, 76 isolates (56.3%) contained ermB, tetM, int, and xis genes related to Tn6002. 39 isolates (28.9%) were detected for

the presence of ermB, tetM, int, xis, and mefE genes, carrying the transposon of Tn2010. Seven isolates (5.2%) were positive for the ermB, tetM, tnpA, and tnpR genes related to Tn3872. Eight isolates (5.9%) containing the ermB, tetM, int, Pregnenolone and xis genes were also positive for the promoter of the aph3’-III gene related to Tn1545/6003 via PCR, of which only two isolates had the mefE gene. The int, xis, tnpA, tnpR, aph3’-III, and mefE genes were not detected in the remaining five isolates (3.7%) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Distribution of Tn 916 – and Tn 917 -related transposons in

the 135 erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal isolates. Multi locus sequence typing A total of 62 STs were found in the erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae, of which 28 STs were newly assigned, via MLST analysis. Of the new STs, 19 types were novel combinations of known alleles (ST6875, ST6946, and ST7746 to ST7762). Up to 9 profiles (ST7763 to ST7770 and ST7869) contained 10 new alleles, namely, aroE236, gdh353, gki353, gki354, gki355, recP207, recP208, spi332, spi338, and ddl512. The four predominant STs of all resistant pneumococci were ST271 (11.9%, 16/135), ST81 (8.9%, 12/135), ST876 (8.9%, 12/135), and ST320 (6.7%, 9/135) (Figure 2). Of the common STs, the proportion of ST320 was higher among children aged 0 to 2 years than that of the other age group (P < 0.05). However, the percentage of the other STs, such as ST81, ST236, ST271, ST876, ST386, and ST2572, did not show any difference between the two age groups (P > 0.05).

Moreover, thermal quenching is found to be more severe for the high energy PL components which lead to an apparent red shift of the PL maximum position at high T. To get further insights into the mechanisms responsible for the observed thermal quenching, we have analyzed Arrhenius plots of the PL intensity at

different detection energies (E det) as shown in Figure  2a. The analysis was performed for constant detection selleck chemicals llc energies since (a) the temperature-induced shift of the bandgap energy is significantly suppressed in GaNP alloys [15], and (b) spectral positions of the excitons bound to various deep-level LY2090314 nmr N-related centers do not one-to-one follow the temperature-induced shift of the bandgap energy. This approximation defines error bars of the deduced values as specified below. All experimental data (shown by the symbols in Figure  2) can be fitted bywhere I(T) is the temperature-dependent PL intensity, I(0) is its value at 4 K, E 1 and E 2 are the activation energies

for two different thermal quenching processes, and k is the Boltzman constant (the results of the fitting are shown by the solid lines in Figure  2a). The first activation process that occurs within the 30 to 100 K temperature range is characterized by the activation energy E 1 ranging between 40 (at E det = 2.17 eV) and 60 meV (at E det = 2.06 eV). The contribution of this process is most pronounced for high energy PL components that correspond to the radiative recombination at the N-related localized states with Androgen Receptor Antagonist ic50 their energy levels close to the GaNP band

edge. The quenching of the high energy PL components is accompanied by a slight increase in the PL intensity at low E det. Therefore, this process can be attributed to the thermal ionization of the N-related localized states. Such ionization is expected to start from the N-states that are shallower in energy. The thermally activated excitons can then be recaptured by the deeper N states, consistent with our experimental observations. We note that the determined values of E 1 do not one-to-one correspond to the ‘apparent’ depth of the involved localized states deduced simply from the distance between E det and the bandgap energy of the GaNP. Bupivacaine This is, however, not surprising since such correspondence is only expected for the no-phonon excitonic transitions whereas recombination of excitons at strongly localized states (such as the monitored N states) is usually dominated by phonon-assisted transitions due to strong coupling with phonons. Figure 2 Arrhenius plots of the PL intensity measured at different detection energies from the GaP/GaNP NWs (a) and GaNP epilayer (b). (1) The second thermal quenching process is characterized by the activation energy E 2 of approximately 180 ± 20 meV, which is the same for all detection energies. This process becomes dominant at T > 100 K and leads to an overall quenching of the PL intensity irrespective of detection energies.

6% of placebo-treated patient 12 SAEs were reported in selleck chemicals infliximab-treated patients Yes Reich et al. [39] Infliximab 5 mg/kg at W0, 2, 6, 14, 22 46 301 0 80 6 Yes Menter et al. [40] Infliximab (i) 3 mg/kg at W0, 2, 6 (ii) 5 mg/kg at W0, 2, 6 50 627 2 70.3–75.5% of infliximab-treated TPCA-1 patients achieved PASI75 after 10 weeks vs. 1.9% of placebo-treated

patients 12 of 627 infliximab-treated patients experienced SAEs vs. 5 of 207 placebo-treated patients Yes Yang et al. [41] Infliximab 26 84 3 81% of infliximab-treated patients achieved PASI75 after 10 weeks vs. 2.2% of placebo-treated patients 4 of 84 infliximab-treated patients experienced SAEs vs. 1 of 45 placebo-treated patients Yes AEs adverse events, PASI75 75% improvement in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, SAEs serious adverse events, TB tuberculosis, anti-TNF anti-tumor necrosis factor, W week, eow every other week Although clinical trials have demonstrated significant efficacy and a low number of TB cases in patients with psoriasis, questions remain about BTK animal study the long-term use of these agents. There are several limitations that make it difficult to assess the potential for anti-TNF therapy to promote TB infection. For example, the median time to TB diagnosis has been reported to range from 5.5 to 18.5 months [20], and these randomized, controlled studies extend to a limited period of time (3–13 months).

From another point of view, the study of Yang et al. [41] highlights that TB is a major problem in endemic areas. Furthermore, clinical practice continues to provide Tau-protein kinase details concerning

the increasing numbers of patients with active TB, despite the screening methods for detecting LTBI [42–47]. TB often presents as extrapulmonary or disseminated disease in such patients and has been reported with the use of all of the anti-TNF agents [15, 18, 21, 48–51]. This form of presentation is explained by the underlying mechanism: the immunosuppression induced by anti-TNF therapy leads to reactivation of secondary foci and dissemination of M. tuberculosis [52]. The monoclonal antibodies form stable complexes with all forms of TNF-alpha, including TNF on the surface of macrophages and T cells, which induces T cell and macrophage apoptosis [53, 54]. In addition, biologic therapy inhibits the Th1 cell response, as well as the production of IFN, a cytokine with major roles in the immune defense against M. tuberculosis [55, 56]. Thus, these actions disturb granuloma integrity and increase the risk of secondary foci reactivation [52]. Active TB associated with biologic treatment is believed to be the result of LTBI reactivation in most cases. LTBI is defined as a complex clinical condition in which an infection with M. tuberculosis persists in a subclinical status with minimal replication. The bacilli are unable to cause clinical manifestations and cannot be identified in culture [57].

The upstream region of known MsvR-encoding genes contains at least two of these binding boxes, suggesting that these boxes may serve as DNA recognition sequences for auto-regulation by the MsvR family proteins. The binding boxes for MthMsvR overlap the transcription start site in Mth P fpaA and the BRE/TATA box in Mth P msvR . MthMsvR binding to box(es) #selleck screening library randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# two and three have been shown to prevent binding of TBP and TFB to Mth P msvR [9], suggesting that MthMsvR acts as a transcription repressor. Ma P msvR contains two MsvR binding boxes, A and B, corresponding

to Mth P msvR/fpaA boxes 2 and 3, respectively (Figure 1b) [9]. In contrast to the seventy-three-nucleotide 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in the Mth msvR transcript [9], transcription start site mapping of the Ma msvR transcript indicates that transcription initiates at a G nucleotide eight nucleotides upstream of the ATG start codon (Figure 1c).

The shorter 5′ UTR of Ma msvR is consistent with the results of transcription start site mapping in the closely related Methanosarcina mazei Gö1, where the msvR (MM2525) transcript was classified as leaderless for having a 5′ UTR of less than ten nucleotides [21]. A TATA box is centered 27 nucleotides upstream of the Ma msvR transcription start site and boxes A and B are located upstream of the TATA box (Figure 1c). MaMsvR binding to box B likely blocks the purine-rich BRE element just upstream of the Quizartinib cost Ma P msvR TATA box, resulting in repression of transcription [9, 10, 22, 23]. Despite some differences in the placement of the MsvR binding boxes, it is likely that MsvR proteins repress transcription of their RVX-208 own genes by blocking access to the promoter region. DNA binding behavior of MaMsvR varies under non-reducing and reducing conditions Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were used to compare the binding of MaMsvR to Ma P msvR and Mth P msvR/fpaA

under non-reducing (+) and reducing (R) conditions (Figure 2a). Additionally, MthMsvR was tested for binding to Ma P msvR and MthMsvR binding to Mth P msvR/fpaA served as a control (Figure 2b). Both MaMsvR and MthMsvR bound to Ma P msvR and Mth P msvR/fpaA. However, MaMsvR bound only under reducing conditions, while MthMsvR bound both promoters under non-reducing and reducing conditions (Figure 2a, b). This was consistent with previously published results showing that MthMsvR bound Mth P msvR/fpaA under oxidizing and reducing conditions [9]. Neither protein showed notable binding to the well-described Mth histone control promoter (P hmtB ), which demonstrated the specificity of MsvR binding (Figure 2a,b) [24, 25]. Figure 2 EMSA of MsvR homologues on their respective promoters. The gel wells are indicated (W).

For the PC measurements, the incident light, namely, the infrared (IR) beam from the FTIR spectrometer, was perpendicular to the mesa upper surface; and for our structure on the mesa upper surface, the area exposed to the light occupies about 75% of the total area. Results and discussion Figure 1a gives the scheme of FGFR inhibitor one unit of coupled QDs lasing layers in one period.

Figure 1b shows the atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of one-period QDCL with another unit of coupled QDs lasing layers (indicated by the dashed rectangle in Figure 1a) on top. The average diameter of QDs is about 30 nm, with a height of 2.5 nm. The entire structural quality of the QDCL wafer was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum as shown in Figure 1c. In the XRD simulation, we treated the QD layer as a two-dimensional InAs layer with a homogeneous thickness corresponding to the nominal deposit amount, which was

strained biaxially to match the lattice constant of InP. The experimental zeroth peak shows a nearly perfect lattice match to the InP substrate, which demonstrates that the active region layers have been properly strain-balanced to give a net zero strain. The accurate match of the simulated curve and the experimental curve shows an extremely good control Talazoparib over the growth parameters across the entire 30-period layer sequences. The cross-sectional view of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of a portion of the 30-period QDCL shown in Figure 2a,b gives the direct and clear evidences of distinct coupled QDs layers in the active core. What is more, the X-ray energy dispersion spectra (EDS) result obtained along cross section line of coupled QDs layers gives indium contents at different points. The ‘star’ represents the discrete data point of X-ray energy dispersion spectrum at each position along cross section line (Figure 2b) of coupled QDs layers of the TEM sample. Based on the finite scattered experimental Bcl-w data points, we sketch the continuous curve of indium composition along cross

section line with NVP-BSK805 price periodic oscillation characteristic. The periodic oscillation characteristic of indium relative contents as shown in Figure 2c gives the additional evidence of QDs in the active region. This result is consistent with the AFM one. Figure 2 TEM image and EDS results. (a) TEM image of a portion of the cleaved cross section of a QDCL active region. (b) The enlargement image of a portion of Figure 2a for clarity, and the white line gives a clear indication of QDs distribution parallel to the growth layer. (c) Indium relative content along the indicated white line in Figure 2b measured by X-ray energy dispersion spectra. A schematic conduction band diagram of one period of the active layers is shown in Figure 3a. The design computation is based on 1D Schroedinger equation of envelope function approximation from the point of view of simplicity.

Compared with typical QDSSCs based on other narrow bandgap semiconductors (e.g., CdS and CdSe), the V oc values of Ag2S-QDSSCs THZ1 are quite low which are almost equivalent to half of

the others (CdS-QDSSCs, 0.6 to 0.7 V). Despite of the high J sc values owing to a broad absorption spectrum, η is limited by the low V oc values. When t p was elongated to 15 min, η decreases sharply with a halving J sc and a lower Fill factor (FF). This phenomenon is speculated to be caused by too long deposition time which results in excess Ag2S nanoparticles generated on TiO2 NRs, consequently decreases effective electron injection and increases recombination rate. The slightly reduced FF as t p increases also indicates that recombination rate rises with growing amount of loading Ag2S nanoparticles. Figure 7 J – V characteristics of solar cells fabricated with different photoanodes under AM 1.5 illumination at 100 mW/cm 2 . Table 1 Photovoltaic parameters of solar cells fabricated with different photoanodes under AM 1.5 illumination at 100 mW/cm 2 Solar cell J sc(mA/cm2) V oc(V) FF η (%) Bare TiO2 1.34 0.32 0.30 0.13 3 min 4.15 0.24

0.42 0.41 5 min 9.00 0.27 0.38 0.83 10 min 10.25 0.29 0.32 0.98 15 min 4.71 0.28 0.29 0.38 The J-V curves of a Ag2S QD-sensitized solar cell measured at three different light intensities are shown in Figure 8. The photovoltaic performance parameters are listed in Table 2. The η reaches a value of 1.25% MGCD0103 in vitro at 47 mW/cm2 solar intensity. The J sc value accumulates to 11.7 mA/cm2 as incident light intensity increases to 150 mW/cm2 (150% sun). However, J sc produced by per unit light power is decreased by a factor of 40.9 compared with lower light level condition of 47% sun. This suggests

that the incident light is not effectively converted into electricity at a higher photon density, which may be attributed to a lower rate of photon capture due to the insufficient QDs loading on TiO2 nanorods. By employing longer TiO2 NRs, the response of the photocurrent should be promoted to be linear with the incident light intensity, and a higher 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl conversion efficiency should be reached at full sunlight. Figure 8 J – V curves of Ag 2 S QD-sensitized solar cell measured at different light intensities. Table 2 Photovoltaic parameters of Ag 2 S QD-sensitized solar cell measured at different light intensities P in(mW/cm2) J sc(mA/cm2) V oc(V) FF η (%) 150 11.7 0.3 0.37 0.87 100 10.3 0.29 0.33 0.98 47 6.2 0.26 0.36 1.23 38 4.6 0.25 0.32 0.97 The photostability of Ag2S-QDSSC was measured by illuminating it at 100 mW/cm2 sunlight for 2 h and characterized by recording the J sc and V oc of the device (Figure 9). During illumination, the J sc remained relatively Akt inhibitor steady with a drop less than 5%, and the V oc fluctuated within 2%.

“
“Background In Escherichia coli, complex cellular responses are controlled by networks of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of a diverse set of target genes, at various hierarchical levels. H-NS, a nucleoid-associated protein, is a top level regulator affecting the expression of at least 250 genes, mainly related to the bacterial #Temsirolimus randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# response to environmental changes [1]. Among its various targets, it regulates in opposite directions the flagella-dependent motility and the acid stress resistance [1]; the first via the control of flhDC master flagellar operon by acting both directly and indirectly via regulators HdfR and RcsB [2–6]; the second

by repressing the genes involved in three amino acid decarboxylase systems, dependent on glutamate, lysine and arginine, via the RcsB-P/GadE regulatory complex [6]. In this regulatory process H-NS represses learn more the expression of gadE (encoding the central activator of the glutamate-dependent acid resistance pathway) both in a direct and an indirect way, via EvgA, YdeO, GadX and GadW [1, 7, 8], while it decreases rcsD expression, essential to the phosphorylation of RcsB (the capsular synthesis regulator component) required for the formation of the regulatory complex with GadE [6]. In the glutamate pathway, the RcsB-P/GadE regulatory complex controls the expression of two glutamate decarboxylase paralogues GadA and GadB, the glutamate/gamma-aminobutyrate antiporter GadC,

two glutamate synthase subunits GltB and GltD, the acid stress chaperones HdeA and HdeB,

the membrane protein HdeD, the transcriptional regulator YhiF (DctR) and the outer membrane STK38 protein Slp [6]. The complex also induces an arginine decarboxylase, AdiA, and an arginine:agmatine antiporter, AdiC (YjdE), essential for arginine-dependent acid resistance. Finally, the complex regulates a lysine decarboxylase, CadA, and a cadaverine/lysine antiporter, CadB, essential for lysine-dependent acid resistance [1, 6, 9]. Apart from the gadBC operon, the most important genes involved in acid resistance are present within the acid fitness island (AFI), a 15 kb region both repressed by H-NS and under the control of RpoS [10, 11]. Recent global chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that H-NS binds to several loci within this region, including hdeABD [12, 13]. However, neither AdiY, the main regulator of the arginine-dependent response that controls adiA and adiC expression [14, 15] nor CadC, the main regulator of lysine-dependent response controlling cadBA [16], were yet found among the identified H-NS targets. In the present study, we aimed at further characterizing the H-NS-dependent cascade governing acid stress resistance pathways to identify the missing intermediary regulator(s) or functional protein(s) controlled by H-NS and to define the interplay between the different regulators and their targets. Methods Bacterial strains and plasmids Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1.