In spite of the magnitude and the severity check this of the problem, injury surveillance systems are not yet sufficiently well developed to accurately quantify the burden of injuries on individuals, health services and society in the EU-region. Much of the injury information generated up until now is not comparable between countries, and not between registers, due to the lack of harmonised methodology and classification. The hospital sector provides the best setting for collecting information as this information relates to the most severe cases (while less severe cases are treated by family doctors of school nurses for instance) and information can be obtained easily on a large number of cases at low cost (while surveys are expensive and suffering serious deficiencies as regards the specificity of data obtained).

The WHO-International Classification of Diseases and its derivative classification on external causes of injuries provide the proper tools for standardised data collection on injuries treated within the health sector. Project Objectives JAMIE project aims at having by 2015 a common emergency departmental-based surveillance system for injury prevention in operation in all MS. Such a system should report on external causes of injuries due to accidents and violence as part of the Community Statistics on Public Health. The project will build on previous work on injury data exchange initiated by the European Commission (EC) and a number of EU-member states, which resulted to the so called Injury Data Base hosted by the EC.

In order to make injury data collection affordable for countries to collect and to have a greater number of countries joining the data exchange efforts, JAMIE envisages to have a relatively limited set data elements being collected in a representative sample of emergency departments in countries, while collecting in a few departments deeper information on the circumstances of the injury event. Background Injuries due to accidents or violence constitute a major public health problem globally and also within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU-MSs). Within the EU-region, each year injuries result in an estimated 256,000 deaths, 7,200,000 hospital admissions, a further 34,800,000 emergency department (ED) attendances and 18,600,000 other medical treatments, totalling 60,600,000 medical treatments [1]. Injuries are commonly defined as being “caused by acute exposure to physical agents such as mechanical energy, heat, electricity, chemicals, and ionizing radiation Dacomitinib interacting with the body in amounts or rates that exceed the threshold of human tolerance. In some cases (e.g. drowning and frostbites) injuries result from sudden lack of essential agents such as oxygen or heat” [2].

Pieces of ovary were also kept in glutaraldehyde fixative Belinostat molecular weight to study subcellular alterations. Occurrence of estrus cycle The rats were observed for occurrence of estrus cycle every day in the morning between 9.00 AM and 10.00 AM by examination of cellular morphology of vagina by cotton swab smear technique.[11] The cotton wool tip was moistened slightly by dipping in saline. The rat was held around the thorax, ventral surface facing up. The tip of the swab stick was inserted carefully into the vagina to a depth of about 1 cm with a rotating action of swab and at an angle of 45�� to animal body. The tip was rolled gently onto a clean pre labelled glass slide and the smears were examined under light microscope.

Basing on the cell types, viz nucleated epithelial cells – Proestrus (PE), swollen cornified cells – Estrus (E), combination of nucleated epithelial cells, swollen cornified cells and leucocytes – Metestrus (ME), leucocytes-Diestrus (DE), each phase of estrus cycle was identified. The rats were examined for estrus cycle phase continuously for 3 consecutive cycles. The findings were tabulated as % of each estrus cycle phase continuously in 3 consecutive cycles. Biochemical analysis Antioxidant markers SOD was estimated by the method that involved inhibition of superoxide-dependent reduction of tetrazolium dye methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) to its formazan.[12] GSH was estimated based on a reaction of reduced glutathione with 5-5ditiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB).[13] Peroxidation markers Malondialdehyde, the product of lipid peroxidation, was estimated by reaction with thiobarbituric acid as per the method prescribed by Balasubramanian et al.

[14] Protein carbonyls were estimated, based on the reaction of amino carbonyls with 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine to form hydrazones, which can be detected spectrophotometrically at 372 nm.[15] Sero-biochemical markers Total protein, ALT, BUN and creatinine were estimated in serum by using the standard diagnostic kits. Total Protein Total protein in the ovarian tissue was quantified as per Lowry et al.’s[16] method. Histology For light microscopy examination, the formalin fixed tissues were dehydrated through ascending grades of alcohol, cleared in three changes of xylene, and were embedded in paraffin. Serial sections, each of 4-micron thickness, were cut and stained with H and E as per standard protocols.

[17] For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues were used. Specimen preparation, staining and the observations Dacomitinib were done at the designated RUSKA Lab, Hyderabad. Statistical analysis The data were subjected to statistical analysis by applying one way ANOVA using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 12.0. Differences between means were tested using Duncan’s multiple comparison tests and significance was set at P < 0.05.