The strong namely influences that ethnicity and region can have on breastfeeding practices make it imperative to replicate these findings in other settings and populations (Horta et al., 2001; Scott et al., 2006; Thulier & Mercer, 2009; van Rossem et al., 2009). Second, the failure to differentiate between different categories of breastfeeding (e.g., exclusive, predominate, any) is a limitation. Whether smoking cessation enhances breastfeeding generally or only particular categories of breastfeeding will have to be determined in future studies. It seems likely that quitting smoking would increase the odds of continuing all categories of breastfeeding, but that is a question that has to be answered empirically. Third, we did not design the trials involved in this study with an a priori goal of examining treatment effects on breastfeeding.

Thus it will be important to replicate these results in a clinical trial with an a priori hypothesis that smoking-cessation increases breastfeeding duration. Funding This research was supported by research grant DA14028 and training grant DA007242 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and GCRC MO1RR109 from the National Institutes of Health. Declaration of Interests None declared.
The French version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (FTCQ; Berlin et al., 2005) is a 47-item multidimensional instrument measuring the same domain of clinically and theoretically distinct explanations for tobacco craving as its parent instrument, the English version of Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (TCQ; Heishman, Singleton, & Moolchan, 2003).

The validation study of the FTCQ (Berlin et al., 2005) found that despite differences between French and American smokers: lower Fagerstr?m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-10 scores (Berlin & Singleton, 2008), the FTCQ was as valid and reliable an instrument as the original English version (Heishman et al., 2003) and assessed the same four-primary factors of tobacco craving: (a) emotionality, craving in anticipation of relief from withdrawal or negative mood; (b) expectancy, craving in anticipation of positive outcomes from smoking; (c) compulsivity, craving in anticipation of an inability to control tobacco use; and (d) purposefulness, craving coupled with intention and planning to smoke. The FTCQ and TCQ were developed to assess the multidimensionality of tobacco craving; however, the use of a 47-item questionnaire AV-951 might be limited in clinical trials or in clinical practice. Thus, a short form of the TCQ (TCQ-SF; Heishman, Singleton, & Pickworth, 2008) was developed and shown to be as valid and reliable as the 47-item TCQ. Another limitation of these studies was that none of the participants were seeking treatment for tobacco dependence.