KanQuit demonstrated that supplementing pharmacotherapy management (PM) with disease management support was associated with higher levels of abstinence during the first 18 months of the program http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nilotinib.html but with no significant differences in treatment condition at 24 months (Ellerbeck et al., 2009). The objective of the current study was to examine predictors of smoking abstinence among KanQuit participants following initial versus extended intervention. Treatment outcomes may be improved tailoring treatment to address factors most likely to impede or facilitate treatment success. While multiple demographic, smoking, and psychosocial factors have been associated with increased risk for relapse (e.g., Augustson et al., 2008; Dale et al., 2001; Ferguson et al., 2003; Grandes, Cortada, Arrazola, & Laka, 2003; Harris et al.

, 2004; Nollen et al., 2006), most previous findings have been based on single interventions with smokers interested in stopping smoking and have been limited to follow-up at 6 or 12 months. The current study contributes to existing literature by extending evaluation to include long-term abstinence following repeated intervention and by including smokers across the spectrum of stage of readiness to stop smoking. We compared predictors of self-reported smoking abstinence at the end of the initial cycle of treatment intervention (6 month) with predictors of abstinence following completion of the disease management program (24 months��following four cycles of intervention).

Because KanQuit employed motivational interviewing (MI) counseling, we hypothesized that the smoker’s initial stage of change would be a less salient predictor of smoking cessation after repeated interventions. Methods Study Design The study utilized a randomized, single-blinded three-arm design with intervention occurring over the course of 24 months. Treatment involved four 6-month cycles within each arm. Participants were randomized to either (a) PM receiving health educational mailings and an offer for free nicotine patch therapy (21 mg/day for 6 weeks) or bupropion (300 mg/day for 7 weeks) every 6 months, (b) moderate-intensity disease management (MDM) receiving the same interventions as PM with up to two telephone counseling sessions every 6 months, or (c) high-intensity disease management (HDM) receiving PM and up to six telephone counseling sessions every 6 months.

Both MDM and HDM included MI counseling (Rollnick, Miller, Butler, & Aloia, 2008) and progress reports faxed to participants�� physicians to facilitate coordination Anacetrapib of care. Study procedures, measures, and abstinence outcomes are described in detail elsewhere (Cox et al., 2008). Procedures were approved by the University of Kansas Medical Center Human Subjects Committee. Participants Participants were ��18 years, smoked ��10 cigarettes/day, had a working telephone, and were patients within participating rural primary care practices.