H-1/C-13

HMBC measurements corroborated by X-ray crystallographic results revealed the exclusive regioselectivity of these ring closures toward the N-2 position of the thiosemicarbazide moiety. The bioactivity data of 3a-k suggest that the thiazolidine-4-one ring is critical for the herbicidal and fungicidal activities. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Potassium channels are tetrameric proteins that mediate K(+)-selective transmembrane diffusion. For KcsA, tetramer stability depends on interactions between permeant ions and the channel pore. We have examined the role of pore blockers on the tetramer stability of KirBac1.1. In 150 mM KCl, purified KirBac1.1 protein migrates as a monomer (similar to 40 kDa) on SDS-PAGE. Addition selleck inhibitor of Ba(2+) (K(1/2) similar to 50 mu M) prior to loading results in an additional tetramer band (similar to 160 kDa). Mutation A109C, at a residue located near the expected Ba(2+)-binding site, decreased tetramer stabilization by Ba(2+) (K(1/2) similar to 300 mu M), whereas I131C, located nearby, stabilized tetramers in the absence of

Ba(2+). Neither mutation affected Ba(2+) block of channel activity (using (86)Rb(+) flux assay). In contrast to Ba(2+), Mg(2+) had no effect on tetramer stability (even though Mg(2+) was a potent blocker). Many studies have shown Cd(2+) block of K(+) channels as a result of cysteine substitution of cavity-lining M2 (S6) residues, with the implicit interpretation that coordination

of a single ion by cysteine side chains along the central axis effectively blocks the pore. We examined blocking DMH1 and tetramer-stabilizing effects of Cd(2+) on KirBac1.1 with cysteine substitutions in M2. Cd(2+) block potency followed an alpha-helical pattern consistent with the crystal structure. Significantly, Cd(2+) strongly stabilized tetramers of I138C, located in the center of the inner cavity. This stabilization was additive with the effect of Ba(2+), consistent with both ions simultaneously occupying the channel: Ba(2+) at the selectivity filter entrance and Cd(2+) coordinated by I138C side chains in the inner cavity.”
“While T cell-based vaccines have the potential to provide protection against chronic virus infections, they also have the potential to generate AG-120 concentration immunopathology following subsequent virus infection. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the conditions under which T cells lead to protection versus adverse pathology. The model illustrates how the balance between virus clearance and immune exhaustion may be disrupted when vaccination generates intermediate numbers of specific CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, our model suggests that this adverse effect of vaccination is largely unaffected by the generation of mutant viruses that evade T cell recognition and cannot be avoided by simply increasing the quality (affinity) or diversity of the T cell response.