After all of the quantitated cellular gene products were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO)-specific groups, quantitation values for a number of these GO-specific groups were significantly skewed toward over- or underabundance with respect to the global distribution of quantitation values. Quantitative analysis of host cell functions reflected several known facets of virus infection, along with some novel observations.”
“BACKGROUND: Although previous evidence suggests
that the cognitive effects of concussions are cumulative, the effect of time interval between repeat Nepicastat cell line concussions is largely unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of time interval between repeat concussions on the cognitive function of mice.
METHODS: We used a weight-drop model of concussion to subject anesthetized mice to 1, 3, 5, or 10 concussions, each a day apart. Additional mice were subjected to 5 concussions at varying time intervals: daily, weekly, and monthly. Morris water maze performance was measured 24 hours, 1 month, and 1 year after final injury.
RESULTS: After 1 concussion, injured and sham-injured mice performed similarly in the Morris water maze. As the number of concussions increased, injured mice performed worse than sham-injured mice. Mice sustaining
Selleckchem Stattic 5 concussions either 1 day or 1 week apart performed worse than sham-injured mice. When 5 concussions were delivered at 1-month time intervals, no difference in Morris water maze performance was observed between injured and sham-injured mice. After a 1-month recovery period, mice that sustained 5 concussions at daily and weekly time intervals continued to perform worse than sham-injured mice. One year after the final injury, mice sustaining 5 concussions at a daily time interval still performed worse than sham-injured
mice.
CONCLUSION: When delivered within a period of vulnerability, the cognitive effects of multiple concussions are cumulative, persistent, and may be permanent. Increasing the time interval between concussions Sinomenine attenuates the effects on cognition. When multiple concussions are sustained by mice daily, the effects on cognition are long term.”
“The Spanish influenza virus pandemic of 1918 was responsible for 40 million to 50 million deaths and is antigenically similar to the swine lineage 2009 pandemic influenza virus. Emergence of the 2009 pandemic from swine into humans has raised the possibility that low levels of cross-protective immunity to past shared epitopes could confer protection. In this study, influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) were engineered to express the hemagglutinin (HA) and genes from the 1918 influenza virus to evaluate the duration of cross-protection to the H1N1 pandemic strain by vaccinating young mice (8 to 12 weeks) and then allowing the animals to age to 20 months.