). We will first summarize the experimental
results and discuss some potential mechanisms that could explain our results. We will then present our ‘new’ version of the cholinergic hypothesis and how it relates to the field of AD research today. Finally we will discuss some of the implications for treatment that arise from this model and present directions for future study. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: The relevance of iatrogenic left coronary artery fistulas complicating surgical myectomy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not known. We prospectively defined the echocardiographic features, prevalence, check details and clinical significance of left coronary artery fistulas in 40 consecutive patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing extended septal myectomy.
Methods: Echocardiographic analysis was performed preoperatively and 1 and 6 months after surgical intervention. Diagnosis of left coronary selleck chemicals llc artery fistulas required evidence of diastolic flow draining from the left ventricular
wall into the left ventricular cavity according to prespecified criteria.
Results: Left coronary artery fistulas were detected in 9 (23%) of the 40 study patients as a single occurrence in all except 1 patient, who had multiple fistulas. At 6 months, left coronary artery fistulas could still be detected in only 2 of the 9 patients. Of these, 1 patient remained asymptomatic but continued to show left
coronary artery fistula persistence at 37 months postoperatively. The other, a woman with prior alcohol septal ablation, had progressive severe symptoms that required percutaneous closure of the fistula with a covered stent after angiographic identification of a large first septal branch fistula associated with distal left anterior descending coronary artery steal.
Conclusions: In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left coronary artery fistulas are common in the early period after surgical myectomy, although Nutlin-3 price their echocardiographic prevalence is dependent on operator awareness. Most left coronary artery fistulas heal spontaneously. Occasionally, however, fistulas can persist and cause symptoms requiring therapeutic intervention. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:1046-52)”
“The ‘action observation network’ (AON), which is thought to translate observed actions into motor codes required for their execution, is biologically tuned: it responds more to observation of human, than non-human, movement. This biological specificity has been taken to support the hypothesis that the AON underlies various social functions, such as theory of mind and action understanding, and that, when it is active during observation of non-human agents like humanoid robots, it is a sign of ascription of human mental states to these agents.