This gendered parenting may lead girls with lower endorsement of familismo, respeto, and selleck traditional gender roles to rebel against parental control, causing family conflict and disharmony. Additionally, these gendered parenting strategies may protect girls from smoking indirectly by shielding them from everyday discrimination. Compared with boys, girls scored higher on familismo and respeto, which were associated with less discrimination (the only significant predictor of smoking). Surprisingly, acculturation was related with higher and not lower levels of familismo. This was surprising because studies have shown negative associations between acculturation and family closeness (Miranda et al., 2000). It is possible that the association of acculturation with familismo depends on the larger sociocultural context of U.

S. Hispanic families. Youth in the current study were predominantly U.S. born. The parenting of parents with U.S.-born children may differ from the parenting of parents with foreign-born youth. Parents of U.S.-born children may increasingly emphasize familismo as their children become acculturated because they may fear that their U.S.-born children never learn about or disengage from familistic values, which may be valued by parents because they promote family cohesion and support. Family support may be viewed as vital in the United States, where Hispanics experience discrimination and hostility outside the home (Kam et al., 2010).

Experiences of everyday discrimination may keep families from finding social support that does not involve the family and other Hispanics, and parents may instill familistic values to their children to ensure that they have access to social support systems. That is, parents�� fear of their children lacking family support may encourage them to transmit familistic values to greater degrees than they normally would. So, youth may have had greater exposure to messages endorsing the importance of familismo as they acculturate into the U.S. culture. Parents may intuitively teach familismo in their parenting to protect their children from the adverse effects of discrimination such as cigarette smoking. Familismo was associated with lower reports of discrimination, and everyday discrimination was directly linked with elevated smoking. Interestingly, fatalismo was linked with less family cohesion and increased conflict, and these links were stronger for boys.

Youth who endorse fatalistic beliefs may experience adolescent angst, disillusionment, hopelessness, and lack of future aspirations. Youth who lack motivation and a positive attitude AV-951 toward the future may experience increased family conflict and feel less supported by parents when they try to encourage their children to make responsible decisions for the future.