The response to OGAs with DPs of 5 (✶), BX-795 price 7 (□), and 8 (∆) was slightly stronger but still small. But for OGAs whereof the DP exceeded 8 (○), a clear oxidative burst reaction was observed. This indicated the largest OGA fraction as elicitor of the non-host plant defense against X. campestris pv. campestris. Figure 11 Oxidative burst reaction in homologous C. annuum suspension cell cultures after elicitation with OGAs of a DP exceeding 8. A fraction of isolated OGAs, which had a DP of at least 8, was able to elicit
a strong oxidative burst reaction in heterologous N. tabacum suspension cell cultures (Figure 10). Now this OGA fraction was tested in homologous C. annuum suspension cell cultures. Samples were added to the C. annuum culture to a
final concentration of 5 mg/ml (○). A negative control contained only water (♦). Once more this OGA fraction evoked a strong oxidative burst, similar to the reaction in N. tabacum. These observations show that OGAs with a DP of at least 8 that were generated by an X. campestris pv. campestris culture from co-incubated C. annuum cell wall material are selleck a powerful endogenous elicitor. To further verify the role of the TonB system core genes and particular exbD2 in generating the OGA DAMP, we resumed analyzing the mutants deficient in these genes [64, 66]. Cell-free supernatants of X. campestris pv. campestris PF299 chemical structure cultivations that had been co-incubated with C. annuum cell wall material had been shown to induce oxidative burst reactions in suspension cell cultures of non-host plants (Figure 4), while the supernatant of an analogously cultivated mutant strain deficient in exbD2 evoked no oxidative burst in a non-host suspension cell culture (Figure 5). Now we tested the effect of
cell-free supernatants obtained from co-incubating X. campestris pv. campestris strains with pectin on non-host cell suspension cultures concerning their ability to induce oxidative burst reactions. Mutants deficient in all genes of the X. campestris pv. campestris TonB core system including exbD2 were tested in this approach, and turned out to be clearly affected in evoking oxidative burst reactions. The oxidative mafosfamide burst reactions in non-host suspension cell cultures were recovered when the disrupted genes were complemented specifically with complete copies of the respective genes (Additional file 4). The hydrogen peroxide concentrations measured in response to aliquots of cell-free supernatants from cultivations of the complemented mutants in the presence of pectin was at least at wild-type level. This clearly underlines that the genes of the bacterial TonB core system including exbD2 are involved in linking the bacterial response to the presence of pectin with a specific defense reaction of non-host plants. Discussion Most bacterial pathogens produce a wide variety of cell wall degrading enzymes like endoglucanases, cellulases, pectinases, hemicellulases and lyases. In case of X. campestris pv.