The occurrence of cell apoptosis is also supported by immunocytochemistry study of other apoptosis protein of caspase 3 and p53 (Figure 8). Compared to the control, noticeable increase of protein signals (brown color in cytosol) was shown for caspase-3. Specifically,

ST treatment showed increased optic density as the increase of dosage, but AFB1 showed an increase from 10% to 30% SRB, and decreased signal from 30% to 50% SRB, and the combinative pattern is more close to AFB1. For p53, the dose-optic density (expressed in nucleus) relationship Selleckchem SB203580 showed a better trend as the increase of dosage for all the treatments, which indicates the involvement of p53 in the process of cell apoptosis. Considering the increased MMP and decreased membrane potential of mitochondria, and literature report [53], the process of apoptosis of HepG2 cells upon exposure to mycotoxins is likely a p53-dependent intrinsic process. The co-proapoptotic cytotoxicity of AFB1

and ST has been examined from apoptosis associated endpoints, cell cycle arrest, mitochondria integrity, and apoptosis related proteins. Due to the additive nature of AFB1 and ST to cytotoxicity endpoints, cell cycle arrest distribution, apoptosis rate and membrane potential of mitochondria, AFB1 and ST might additively promote the apoptosis of Saracatinib in vitro HepG2 cells. Although there have been many methods to reduce the level of mycotoxin contamination in food products or ingredients through physical, chemical or biological methods, consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods might be inevitable, especially in regions with high growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi, and mechanism-based preventive or interventive measure to reduce the in vivo toxicity of mycotoxin might be one strategy worth of further investigating. The current study showed that the mitochondria in the cell is one of the targets of AFB1 and ST, which indicates some mitochondria-protective functional

component might be used to protect the integrity of cells. Actually, there have been related reports such as the mitochondria-target functional peptide that has been used as neuroprotective agents [54] and antioxidant functional compounds to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins [55]. Additionally, the additive effect of AFB1 and ST combinations PJ34 HCl on cell apoptosis also provides scientific basis for food safety regulations to reduce the potential health risk associated with additive toxicity of coexisted mycotoxins in feeds and foods. The authors declare no conflict of financial interest The current study is supported by the special fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (Grant 201203069). “
“In the US menthol is the only characterizing flavor in cigarettes still permitted under the Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA; H.R.