State transitions have not been documented in diatoms [5], and none are reported for the eustigmatophyceae. Instead, diatoms balance photosystem activity by quenching photon absorption by PSII as a result of de-epoxidation of xanthophyll pigments [10]. A direct comparison showed that this process resulted in 2-fold less generation of wasted electrons than state transitions in a chlorophyte [10]. Quenching in the antenna system also reduces damage to the photosystems,

which carries a high energetic replacement cost [11•]. Dissipation of excess light in photosynthesis is primarily achieved through non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Different strategies have developed for NPQ in evolutionarily distinct classes of algae, including rapid rates of synthesis

or high accumulation of de-expoidized xanthophylls [12]. Xanthophyll cycling systems are apparently lacking CT99021 order in phycobilisome-containing organisms and the Chlorarachniophyta [11• and 13], and NPQ in cryptophytes differs from other chromalveolates [14]. Differences in photosynthetic processes are likely to affect light harvesting efficiency, which ultimately translates into altered growth and product molecule accumulation. There are very few definitive analyses comparing the relative efficiency of the described diverse photosynthetic arrangements. Such information would not only aid in developing strategies for improved light capture in diverse classes of microalgae, but potentially in the development of artificial photosynthesis approaches. Carbon fixation in the Calvin–Benson GDC-0449 cycle is catalyzed by RuBisCO, which has a low CO2-saturated maximum catalytic rate and competitive oxygenase activity resulting in photorespiration. To compensate, microalgae have taken advantage of different strategies to maximize carbon fixation efficiency. One involves the use of RuBisCO with improved affinity for CO2 and selectivity for CO2 relative

to O2 [15]. Cyanobacterial-type RuBisCO forms IA and IB (found in cyanobacteria and green algae) generally have a low affinity for CO2 and a low CO2/O2 selectivity relative to red algal-derived forms see more IB and ID, however the latter has a lower turnover rate [15]. Kinetic and regulatory variabilities suggest that different forms of RuBisCO are evolutionarily selected to function optimally in different subcellular environments [16]. Carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) are another way to increase carbon fixation efficiency, and these can be classified as being either biophysical (involving localized enhancement of CO2) or biochemical (involving specific enzymatic pathways). The biophysical mechanism of concentrating RuBisCO in carboxysomes and pyrenoids allows for regulation of CO2 delivery [17•• and 18•]. Cyanobacteria and chlorophytes rely largely on biophysical CCMs by transporting and accumulating bicarbonate and converting it to CO2 near RuBisCO via carbonic anhydrase [19].