Some of the bladder outlet afferents may be shared with the anal sphincter. Dysfunction of the outlet leads to conditions such as retrograde ejaculation, Fowler’s syndrome, and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Urethral relaxation
during urine storage may lead to urinary urgency, which may be misleadingly labeled as overactive bladder. Research priorities are numerous, including; peripheral cellular integrative physiology, interactions with other pelvic organs, interconnectivity of the CNS centers at all levels of the neuraxis, and standardized animal models of outlet functions such as reflex-driven voiding. HDAC inhibitor Neurourol. Urodynam 30:708-713, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“The present study evaluated the involvement of the dorsal hippocampal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the combined effect of ethanol and nicotine on passive avoidance learning in adult male mice. The results indicated that pre-training administration of ethanol (1g/kg, i.p.) impaired memory retrieval. Pre-test administration of ethanol (0.5 and 1g/kg, i.p.) or nicotine (0.5 and 0.7mg/kg, s.c.) significantly reversed ethanol-induced amnesia, suggesting a functional interaction between ethanol and nicotine. Pre-test
microinjection of a selective CB1 receptor agonist, ACPA (3 and 5ng/mouse), plus an ineffective dose of ethanol (0.25g/kg) or nicotine (0.3mg/kg) improved memory retrieval, while ACPA by itself could not reverse ethanol-induced amnesia. Pre-test intra-CA1 microinjection of
a selective CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251 (0.52ng/mouse), did not lead to a significant PF-00299804 supplier change in ethanol-induced amnesia. However, pre-test intra-CA1 microinjection of AM251 prevented the ethanol (1g/kg) or nicotine (0.7mg/kg) response on ethanol-induced amnesia. In order to support the involvement of the dorsal hippocampal CB1 receptors in nicotine response, the scheduled mixed treatments of AM251 (0.11ng/mouse), ACPA (5ng/mouse) and nicotine (0.3mg/kg) were used. The results indicated that AM251 reversed the response of ACPA to the interactive effects of nicotine and ethanol in passive avoidance learning. Furthermore, pre-test intra-CA1 microinjection of the same doses of ACPA or AM251 had no effect on memory retrieval. These findings show that the cannabinoid CB1 receptors BMS-777607 solubility dmso of dorsal hippocampus are important in the combined effect of ethanol and nicotine on passive avoidance learning.”
“Background: Placement of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters (pIVCFs) for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE) in high-risk trauma patients (HRTPs) are widely practiced despite the lack of Level I data supporting this use. We report the 2-year interim analysis of the Filters in Trauma pilot study.
Methods: This is a single institution, prospective randomized controlled pilot feasibility study in a Level I trauma center.