Results showed that ovariectomized (ovx) mice treated with PPT failed to learn the socially acquired preference, while WAY-200070-treated ovx mice showed a two-fold prolonged preference for the food eaten by their demonstrator. The effects of PPT on the socially acquired food preference cannot be explained by effects on the total food intake of the groups or on the type of interaction with the demonstrator mouse. The effects of WAY-200070 may be partially due to effects on Submissive Behavior. The higher WAY-200070 doses produced prolonged preferences similar to those seen previously in

intact female mice during the proestrus and diestrus phases. This suggests that the estrous cycle’s effects on social learning may be due to the action of ER beta on Submissive Behavior, or to ER beta countering that of ER alpha.”
“Human astroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses see more associated Selleck PLX-4720 with self-limiting diarrhea. Although they are recognized as a leading cause of disease in young children, the cellular factors involved in astrovirus replication are not well defined. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been shown to regulate many viral infections, but its role during astrovirus infection is unknown. In this

report, we show that astrovirus activates ERK1/2 early in infection independently of replication. Inhibition of ERK activation with U0126, a specific ERK inhibitor, significantly reduced viral production. Investigations into the mechanism of ERK1/2 regulation revealed that all steps of the

viral life cycle, including early and late protein expression as well as subgenomic and genomic RNA transcription, were diminished during U0126 treatment of monolayers. These data support a role for ERK1/2 in a postattachment step, although the precise mechanism remains under investigation.”
“An extensive animal literature suggests that excessive corticosteroid exposure is associated with changes in memory and the hippocampus. Agents that decrease glutamate attenuate corticosteroid effects on the hippocampus. Minimal data are available on preventing or reversing corticosteroid effects on the human hippocampus. We previously reported that open-label lamotrigine was associated with crotamiton significant improvement in declarative memory in corticosteroid-treated patients. We now examine the impact of 24 weeks of randomized, placebo-controlled lamotrigine therapy on declarative memory ( primary aim) and hippocampal volume (secondary aim) in 28 patients (n=16 for lamotrigine, n=12 for placebo) taking prescription corticosteroids. All participants with data from at least one postbaseline assessment (n=9 for lamotrigine, n=11 for placebo) were included in the analysis. Declarative memory was assessed with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) at baseline and weeks 12 and 24.