Nociceptive response was characterized by the time that the animal check details spent licking the injected hind paw or biting the target organ following glutamate receptor agonist injections. (-)-Linalool administered by intraperitoneal (i.p., 10-200 mg/kg), oral (p.o., 5-100 mg/kg) or intrathecal (i.t., 0.1-3 mu g/site) routes dose-dependently inhibited glutamate-induced nociception (20 mu mol/paw, pH 7.4) with ID50 values of 139.1 mg/kg; 34.6 mg/kg;

and 0.9 mu g/site, with inhibitions of 70 +/- 4; 72 +/- 7 and 74 +/- 8%, respectively. However, the intraplantar injection of(-)-linalool partially (49 +/- 9%) inhibited glutamate-induced nociception. Furthermore, (-)-linalool (200 mg/kg) given i.p. also reduced significantly the biting response caused by intrathecal injection of glutamate (30 mu g/site), AMPA (25 ng/site), SP (135 ng/site), NMDA (25 ng/site) and kainate (23.5 ng/site), with inhibitions of 89 +/- 6%, 73 +/- 11%, 85 +/- 4%, 98 +/- 2% and 52 +/- 15%, respectively. However, (-)-linalool did not inhibit nociception induced by intrathecal injection of trans-ACPD (8.6 mu g/site). Taken together, these results provide experimental evidences indicating that (-)-linalool produce marked antinociception against glutamate induced pain in mice, possible due mechanisms operated by ionotropic glutamate receptors, namely AMPA, NMDA and kainate. (C) 2008 Elsevier ASP2215 cost Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Many patients diagnosed with

low grade and early stage prostate cancer have indolent disease and may not benefit from immediate therapy. In patients referred for biopsy following community, screening we validated the Kattan and Steyerberg nomograms for predicting indolent disease in a contemporary urological practice.

Materials and Methods: A total of 296 patients who underwent prostate PF-562271 price biopsy and radical prostatectomy at a single institution were identified for nomogram validation. All patients had clinically localized,

stage T1c or T2a and biopsy Gleason score 6 prostate cancer. Clinical and biopsy pathological information was compared to surgery pathology results for nomogram validation with indolent disease defined as surgical Gleason score 6 or less, tumor volume less than 0.5 cc and organ confined disease. Nomogram performance was assessed by the ROC curve.

Results: Of the patients 27.4% had pathologically indolent disease at prostatectomy. Based on pretreatment variables the Kattan and Steyerberg nomograms were able to predict indolent disease with similar discrimination levels (AUC 0.777 and 0.772, respectively).

Conclusions: Two previously described nomograms performed equally well for predicting indolent disease. These data further establish the role of validated nomograms for clinical decision. making for managing screening detected prostate cancer.”
“Amplitude reduction of the oddball P3 wave is a well-replicated but non-specific finding of schizophrenia.