Moreover, we compared the expression profiles of CD8+ TEM and TCM cells. We performed these assessment by direct ex vivo analyses of intrahepatic and blood CD8+ T cell subsets using 14 different X-396 concentration TCR Vβ-specific mAbs that cover

>90% of all T cells within these populations. Preferential usage of one or more TCR Vβ subset was observed in CD8+ TEM cells after immunization, and the skewed repertoire was maintained long-term following challenge. Female C57BL/6 and out-bred ICR mice (6–8 weeks old) were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) and housed at The Walter Reed Army Institute of Medical Research (WRAIR) animal facility and handled according to institutional guidelines. All procedures were reviewed and approved by the WRAIR Animal Care and Use Committee and performed in facilities accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International. Plasmodium berghei ANKA (uncloned) infections were periodically initiated in ICR mice by i.p. injection of reconstituted erythrocytes from cryopreserved stocks of mouse blood infected with parasites. The parasites were maintained in vivo by serial blood-stage passage to mice at 3- to 4-day intervals. Subsequent infections were initiated by allowing sporozoite-infected

mosquitoes to feed on uninfected mice, followed by a series of four blood-stage passages. For sporozoite selleck chemical production, Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were allowed to feed to repletion of anesthetized, gametocyte-infected mice. Blood-engorged mosquitoes were housed at 22°C in 80% relative humidity and allowed free access to 10% sucrose in water. The presence

of oocysts was evaluated approximately 10 days after the PJ34 HCl blood meal and salivary gland sporozoites 7 days later. Sporozoites were dissected from the salivary glands of mosquitoes, as described previously (27), 16–21 days after an infective blood meal. The sporozoites were used either immediately or after attenuation with γ-radiation (15 000 rad) (Caesium-137 source Mark 1 series or Cobalt-60 Model 109; J.L. Shepard & Associates, San Fernando, CA, USA). Mice were primed i.v. with 75 K Pbγ-spz followed by two boost immunizations of 20 K Pbγ-spz 1 week apart. For challenges, mice received 10 K autologous infectious sporozoites 1 week after the last boost immunization. At various time points after immunization, mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation. Livers were exposed and the inferior vena cava was cut for blood outflow. Livers were perfused with 10-mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS), removed and pressed through a 70 μm nylon cell strainer (BD Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and the liver cell suspension was processed as previously described (9). Briefly, the liver cells were resuspended in PBS and centrifuged at 300 g for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in PBS containing 35% Percoll (Amersham Pharmacia Biotec, Uppsala, Sweden) and centrifuged at 800 g for 20 min.