Malondialdehyde concentration was significantly higher in rats in the HFD + water group than in control rats (2.03 ± 0.14 μM versus 1.47 ± 0.12 μM) and it returned

to control values in rats drinking coffee or polyphenols (1.50 ± 0.09 μM or 1.62 ± 0.08 μM versus 1.47 ± 0.12 μM). find more Plasma total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) was significantly reduced by an HFD in rats from all groups, but a significant increase of FRAP was found in rats drinking polyphenols compared with those drinking water (0.36 ± 0.02 mM TE versus 0.32 ± 0.01 mM TE). In contrast, a reduction of FRAP in coffee-treated compared with water-treated rats was found (0.27 ± 0.03 mM TE versus 0.32 ± 0.01 mM TE). No significant effect of an HFD on liver glutathione transferase activity was recorded (see control rats versus HFD + water rats in Table 1). Reduced activity of the enzyme was found only in coffee-treated rats (2.55 ± 0.05 nmol/min/mg protein versus 3.01 ± 0.11 nmol/min/mg protein or 3.01 ± 0.11 nmol/min/mg protein). The concentrations of five proinflammatory and two anti-inflammatory cytokines in liver samples from rats belonging to the experimental and control groups as well as the percentage variations of cytokine concentration of HFD-fed

rats versus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor clinical trial those from control rats are presented in Table 2 and Fig. 5, respectively. These data indicate the following: (1) The concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly higher in HFD-fed rats than in control rats drinking water, whereas the concentration of IL-6 was lower. No differences were found for IL-1a or IL-1b concentrations. (2) IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations were reduced by coffee (17% and 42% less abundant in HFD+coffee this website than in HFD+water, respectively). In contrast, a 26% higher concentration of IL-6 was found after coffee

consumption versus water consumption in HFD-fed rats. (3) The concentrations of IL-1a and IL-1b decreased by 24% and 10%, respectively, in rats treated with coffee polyphenols, whereas the concentration of IL-6 increased by 87% compared with HFD-fed rats drinking water. (4) All proinflammatory cytokines (except IL-6 and IFN-γ, which were unchanged) were significantly less abundant in HFD-fed rats drinking melanoidins than those drinking water. The effect of melanoidins was more important in TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1b, because reductions of 58%, 31%, and 15%, respectively, were found in melanoidin-drinking versus water-drinking rats. (5) The two anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were always at higher concentrations in the livers of HFD-fed rats drinking coffee or its fractions than in those of rats drinking water, suggesting that these cytokines are involved in the biochemical pathways contributing to ameliorate tissue inflammation in HFD-fed rats drinking coffee.