In short, although not conclusive, the dinosaur fossil record presently does not support the general claim of multiple, co-occurring, closely related taxa, as predicted by the species recognition hypothesis of Padian & Horner. Having commented on the two tests put forth Forskolin by Padian & Horner, we here propose an additional pair of tests based on signalling theory that might permit differentiation of traits selected primarily for species recognition from those resulting from conventional sexual selection. The first is based upon the relative predicted costs of species recognition versus sexually selected signals. According to the species

recognition hypothesis, the signal is used primarily to allow conspecifics to recognize the bearer of the signal so that some mutually beneficial social behaviour (e.g. herding, reproduction) can occur. We argue that in such a system the interests of the signaller and receiver coincide and there is no benefit to either party from signalling dishonestly. Modelling studies have shown that under these circumstances a system based on low- or zero-cost signals can be evolutionarily stable (Maynard Smith & Harper, 2003): thus,

we argue that signalling structures that function predominantly for species recognition should not impose significant costs upon the bearer. This contention may account for the lack of structural traits used primarily for species recognition in extant species; in the Anolis lizards referred to learn more earlier, for example, Vanhooydonck et al. (2009) found that dewlap size was best explained by sexual and natural selection, whereas the (less costly) colours were associated with species recognition. In contrast, sexually selected traits see more are thought to act as signals of individual quality, either to compete with opponents or to attract females. This means that a benefit to the signaller can be conferred if the receiver can be deceived, and these traits are believed to be costly

to the bearer in order to maintain honesty (Andersson, 1994; Maynard Smith & Harper, 2003). The horns and frills of ceratopsians, the crests of hadrosaurs and the plates of stegosaurs were large and elaborate structures that would have imposed a significant cost on the bearer, requiring significant resources to grow, maintain and carry. On this basis alone, species recognition is an improbable explanation for the exaggerated structures of dinosaurs. With regard to our second test, species recognition signals are predicted to differ from signals of quality, as used in sexual or social selection, in the extent of intraspecific variation. Species recognition signals are likely to exhibit minimal variation within a species, because high levels of variation would increase the probability of error.