From the above experiments, it appears that MCI can be detected in Luminespib concentration middle-aged monkeys, presumably about 15 years old, if difficult visuospatial tasks are presented to them. Conversely, since in old monkeys the cognitive processes are usually well preserved, we can induce a MCI by a moderate increase in delay

in the delayed non-matching-to-sample task or the delayed response spatial memory task. However, paradoxically, it could be claimed that since old monkeys never show the catastrophic loss of memory, massive degeneration Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the cholinergic system, and extensive Aβ plaque deposition occurring in AD, the memory impairment in the aging monkey could be considered a model of MCI. The cognitive deficit in the old monkeys can be improved, with individual marked differences, by drug treatments. Among the drugs tested are cholinesterase inhibitors,60,61 arginine vasopressin,62 dopamine D1 agonists,63 adrenergic agonists,64 and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor allosteric Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical modulators.65 However, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical like in the rat, few

drugs shown to improve cognition in aging monkeys have become useful therapeutic agents in man. Conclusions This survey of the literature on aging in laboratory animals reveals that there are several possible models of MCI. If they are listed according to cost and availability, their order of preference would be middle-aged rats and mice, transgenic mice overexpressing Aβ, at an early phase before extensive deposit formation, and aging monkeys. SHRs are a model of MCI that occurrs in hypertensive patients. Strain differences are not relevant while the selection of the behavioral task is very important for detecting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the cognitive deficit at an early age. Although the animal models described in this review have frequently been used to test potentially useful drugs for the treatment of the memory deficits, which is the main symptom of MCI, a validation of the models through comparable therapeutic results in both animal and man Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical has been rarely obtained. Selected abbreviations

and acronyms Aβ β-amyloid AD Alzheimer’s disease APP amyloid precursor protein MCI mild cognitive impairment SHR spontaneously hypertensive only rat
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is probably the second most prevalent cause of degenerative dementia in older people; only Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is more common. For example, a recent community study of 85+ year olds found 5.0% to meet clinical diagnostic criteria for DLB, representing 22% of all demented cases.1 Despite its high prevalence, DLB was only fully recognized about, a decade ago, as a result, of improved methods of neuropathological staining, which allowed the key lesions (Lewy bodies f LBs]) to be seen in autopsy brain tissue.2 It is therefore a relative newcomer for many clinicians, for whom it. poses significant, difficulty in antemortem diagnosis.