Exclusion cri teria included the following, 1 history or findings of significant valvular heart disease, hyperth yroidism or hypothyroidism and dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyop athy, 2 atrial fibrillation, 3 pregnancy or lactation, and or 4 a major systemic illness such as systemic lupus make it clear erythe matosus. Written consent form was obtained from all pa tients before the study. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. This study was a cross sectional study performed in inpatients. MetS was diagnosed according to the definition of MetS recommended by the International Diabetes Federation consensus worldwide definition of the meta bolic syndrome is, Central obesity AND any two of the following, Raised triglycerides, 1.
70 mmol L, or spe cific treatment for this lipid abnormality, Reduced HDL cholesterol, 1. 03 mmol L in males, 1. 29 mmol L in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality, Raised blood pressure, systolic BP 130 or dia stolic BP 85 mm Hg, or treatment of previously diag nosed hypertension, Raised fasting plasma glucose 5. 60 mmol L, or previously diagnosed type 2 dia betes. In addition, if BMI is 30. 0 kg m2, central obesity can be assumed and waist circumference does not need to be measured. MetS severity was scored on a scale of 0 to 4 according to the number of MetS components. Seven sub jects met all 5 MetS criteria, and their MetS score was set to 4. The subjects were interviewed for the documentation of medical histories and medications, history of smoking habits, laboratory assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors and standardized echocardiographic examin ation.
Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres. SBP and DBP values were the means of two physician obtained measurements on the left arm of the seated participant. Hypertension was diagnosed if the BP 140 90 mmHg and or the patient was undergoing current antihypertensive therapy. Diabetes was de fined by oral glucose tolerance test and either glycosylated hemoglobin 6. 5% or the use of in sulin or hypoglycaemic medications. Cardiovascular artery disease was defined as, history and or treatment for angina and or myocardial infarction, and or history of coronary artery revascularization proce dures and or coronary angiography with 50% stenosis in one or more of the major coronary arteries.
Laboratory assays Fasting plasma glucose was quantified by the glu cose oxidase procedure, HbA1c was measured using ion sellekchem exchange high performance liquid chromatography. Serum total chol esterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride levels, creatinine, and uric acid level were measured using an enzymatic method with a chemical analyzer. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were calculated using the Friedewald formula, and the creatinine clearance rate was calculated using the Cockcroft Gault formula.