EndoS is specific to native IgG, which is in contrast to many related endoglycosidases that requires denaturation of their glycoprotein substrates [8, 9]. Furthermore, pretreatment of IgG with recombinant

EndoS diminishes its ability to opsonize bacteria and interact with FcγRs on leukocytes [10, 11]. The activity of EndoS on IgG heavy chain glycans is well characterized and conserved among GAS serotypes [12]. However, a potential role of endogenous EndoS expression by the GAS bacterium in phagocyte resistance and virulence has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that EndoS contributes to GAS virulence by hydrolyzing the N-linked glycan on IgG and thereby impairing antibody mediated functions in the immune system. Here we couple targeted allelic replacement mutagenesis and heterologous gene expression to study EndoS activity during bacterial-host cell interaction in vitro and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyt387.html in vivo. Results MK-4827 clinical trial Generation of EndoS mutants and heterologous expression To investigate the contribution of EndoS to GAS and host-cell interactions an allelic replacement knockout GDC-0941 chemical structure in the M1T1 background was constructed and denoted 5448 ΔndoS. Heterologous expression of EndoS in a non-native EndoS producing GAS strain, NZ131 (serotype M49), was established by transformation of the EndoS expressing plasmid pNdoS. Loss- and gain-of-function was confirmed by

Western immunoblot (Figure 1A) and IgG glycan hydrolysis assays (Figure 1B) [8]. As suspected no detectable EndoS was identified in the supernatants of the 5448ΔndoS strain, and heterologous expression of EndoS in NZ131 was successful. In addition, higher levels of EndoS were observed in the overexpressing strain NZ131 [pNdoS] compared Hydroxychloroquine manufacturer to the wild-type M1 strain 5448. Figure 1 EndoS expression and activity, and neutrophil killing assays. (A) Western immunoblot showing EndoS expression in bacterial supernatants. SpeB is shown as a loading control. (B) Lectin blot analysis of murine IgG incubated with bacterial supernatants or rEndoS as a positive control. Opsonized bacterial survival

in the presence of human neutrophils: (C) M1T1 GAS strain 5448 and isogenic ndoS knockout, 5448ΔndoS. (D) Exogenous treatment of plasma with rEndoS prior to opsonization of GAS. (E) Heterologous expression of EndoS in NZ131 (serotype M49). Error bars indicate standard deviation from the mean. Experiments were performed in triplicate. * indicates P < 0.05, *** indicates P < 0.001, ns indicates no significant difference. Neutrophil killing assay The phagocytic resistance of GAS with and without EndoS contribution was investigated in a human neutrophil killing assay with GAS strains 5448ΔndoS and wild-type 5448. Loss-of-function did not reveal significant difference in GAS resistance to phagocyte killing in the M1T1 background (Figure 1C). In the same M1T1 background, exogenous recombinant EndoS, rEndoS, or PBS was used to pretreat plasma to investigate phagocytic resistance contribution of the enzyme itself.