Competing neighboring roots can deplete soil nutrient resources and thus inhibit root growth. With other things being equal, plants

grow roots preferentially in areas free of other roots [11]. Plant roots do not interact solely through the depletion of soil resources but may also interact, causing profound consequences for plant growth and competition [12]. Schenk provided an excellent summary of direct interactions between roots, and distinguished between two classes of click here interaction [13]. First, roots may exude toxic substances that cause non-specific inhibitory effects on root development of neighboring plants. Second, genetically identical plants may use non-toxic chemical signals that specifically

affect the roots of neighbors. Increasing numbers of studies have shown that plants produce more root mass when sharing rooting space with a genetically similar neighbor compared with plants growing alone [11] and [14]. This phenomenon has been described as a “tragedy of commons” [15]. However, Hess and Kroon hypothesized that root overproduction in the presence of other plants is consistent with the effects of available larger soil volumes on plants with competition than on those growing alone Lumacaftor in vitro [12]. Earlier, McConnaughay and Loh showed that root mass is a function of the available rooting volume, independent of the available nutrients [16] and [17]. Furthermore, Clomifene some of the observed root overproduction could not be immediately explained solely based on soil volume and nutrient availability [12]. The results observed with competing plants may be an overall effect of the existence of interplant root interactions within a larger

space. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the effects of overlapping roots on maize root growth and nitrogen absorption and utilization will help to explore the effects of plant spacing on maize yields. In recent years, it was proposed that increasing plant populations is a key factor for improvement of maize yields in China [7] and [18], but few reports are available on competition between above-ground and below-ground factors while increasing plant populations. In this study, the differences between root distribution, nutrient absorption and nitrogen utilization under different conditions of plant spacing and nitrogen availability were investigated to provide guidelines for optimizing plant densities in high yield maize production. The field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China (36°18′ N, 117°13′ E) in 2007 and 2008. Only one maize hybrid, Denghai 661, was used because previous experiments confirmed increased grain yield of this cultivar at high plant densities [18]. A box-type soil column cultivation method was adopted.