Cell proliferation in in phase and out of phase endometrium The out of phase together endometrium showed a significantly decreased degree of cell proliferation in the epithelial cells in comparison to in phase controls 25. 7 3. 0 vs. 38. 9 4. 2 expressed as percentage of PCNA positive cells. Discussion Luteal phase defect is a controversial entity of considerable clinical importance that is implicated in infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. A pre valence of out of phase endometrial biopsy specimens have been associated with luteal phase deficiency. Luteal phase inadequacy is a subtle disrup tion of Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries luteal function and it may be considered the most common ovulatory disorder in women. It has also been found that most of women with out of phase midluteal endometrium may have a cryptic form of LPD.

Despite the existence of LPD has been questioned by some authors and a recent report showed that out of phase biopsy poorly discriminated between women from fertile and infertile couples in either mid luteal or late luteal phase, there has been abundant clinical and experimental research establishing the reality and importance of LPD. Although some authors Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries prefer to perform evaluation of serum P, the diag nosis of LPD is best based on a histological study of the endometrium. The most commonly used method to assess luteal function in infertility has been the direct evaluation of endometrial biopsy and histological dating. It was found that an endometrial biopsy which was well dated showed a definite correlation with the P assays and could be considered as the most easily performed and reliable indicator, useful in detecting a luteal phase defect.

In order to identify some endometrial differentiation patterns between Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in and out of phase endometrium, Hirama and Ochiai examined the role of hormone receptor compartmentalization in infertile women and found that the level of cytosol estrogen receptor was sig nificantly lower in out of phase endometrium regardless of serum P levels. In addition, differences in integrin expression between in and out of phase endo metrium were observed for avb3 integrin. For the purpose of continuing with the identification of the distinctiveness between in phase and out of phase endometrium, the aim of the present study was to Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries inves tigate whether apoptotic endometrial characteristics dif fer in samples with or without this abnormality. Endometrial cell death will be menstrual cycle depen dent, and therefore timing of biopsy is crucial. The endometrial biopsies used in this study were from days 21 25 of the menstrual Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cycle. In the present study we found that the out of phase endometrium from infertile and abortion patients had increased apoptosis exactly levels.