Interestingly, they found that Se levels correlated inversely with VEGF and IL-8 levels and also with tumor size in small HCC nodules. This finding is in agreement

with previous studies showing that patients with chronic viral hepatitis and HCC had significantly lower Se plasma levels compared to those without HCC.2, 3 To further address this important association, we prospectively studied 32 age-matched male Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: 12/32 patients had no evidence of liver cirrhosis Autophagy inhibitor price (HCV-CH), 10 patients had liver cirrhosis (HCV-LC), and 10 patients had liver cirrhosis and HCC (HCV-HCC). In addition, 10 healthy age-matched male individuals were followed as a control group. Several exclusion criteria were defined: antiviral therapy or HCC-specific treatment during the last 6 months, use of dietary supplements, local or systemic inflammation, extrahepatic tumors, and diabetes mellitus. Females were excluded to avoid a gender-dependent influence on Se levels. Se levels were determined in

whole blood samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Interestingly, Se levels were significantly different between patients with HCV-CH compared to patients with HCV-LC (99.8 ± 11.0 μg/L versus 84.7 ± 16.4 μg/L; P = 0.021) and compared to patients with HCV-HCC (99.8 ± 11.0 μg/L versus 85.0 ± 11.5 μg/L; P = 0.009). In patients with liver cirrhosis with and without HCC, however, Se levels did not differ significantly (84.7 Ibrutinib ± 16.4 μg/L versus 85.0 ± 11.5 μ/L; P = 0.99; Fig. 1). Healthy individuals had significantly higher Se levels (117.5 ± 15.7 μg/L) in comparison to all patient cohorts (HCV-CH [P = 0.006], HCV-LC [P = 0.001], HCV-HCC

[P = 0.001]). In conclusion, our findings of reduced Se levels in patients with liver cirrhosis and/or HCC extend the results by Rohr-Udilova et al. and support the hypothesis that low Se levels may play an important role in the early steps of hepatocarcinogenesis. These results provide the rationale for further epidemiological studies focusing on the preventive role of Se supplementation in patients with chronic liver diseases. Dominik Bettinger*, Michael Schultheiβ 上海皓元 M.D.*, Nadine Hennecke*, Elisabeth Panther M.D.*, Eva Knüppel*, Hubert E. Blum M.D.*, Robert Thimme M.D.*, Hans Christian Spangenberg M.D.*, * University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II, Freiburg, Germany. “
“To determine stage of liver disease at initial diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we analyzed data from the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS), a large US observational study. We examined the temporal relationships of initial HCV infection diagnosis with cirrhosis– defined by liver biopsy or mean FIB-4 score >5.88–and time to onset of cirrhotic decompensation in electronic medical records.