64, P<0.001) (41). This relative risk for transfusion may be based on the sympathectometic effect which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and increases venous capacitance, which can result in relative hypotension. If a patient is undergoing low CVP surgery, this relative hypotension caused by the epidural anesthetic may inappropriately lower the threshold for transfusion, particularly at the time of induction and especially if the epidural has already started running. With this mechanistic hypothesis, we and others have further shown that patients with epidurals

are predisposed to only to transfusion, but Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have equivocal pain control when compared with patients without epidurals (41,42). Recognizing the need for larger scale analysis of this issue, others have attempted using the NSQIP database. Unfortunately, the categorization of anesthesia type in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the NSQIP does not differentiate general

anesthesia from epidural anesthesia, and outcomes for hepatectomy in this dataset are not helpful, but should be examined in future analyses (43). Because of the concerns for epidural analgesia in the hepatectomy patient, Koea et al. compared single dose intrathecal morphine with epidural analgesia and found increased mobilization at post operative day (POD) 1 (P=0.01) and decreased ileus (P=0.03) (44). Due to the potential fluid shifts associated with epidural Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical analgesia, our group does not advocate for use of epidural anesthesia during hepatectomy. We prefer Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patient controlled analgesia (PCA) in the post-operative period, with close attention to the patient’s comorbid factors and remnant liver function. Other adjuncts to improve pain control that do not interfere with patient volume status include the use of local anesthetic at time of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical surgery, and VE-821 solubility dmso regional pain pumps that infuse local anesthetic to the incision for several days after operation. We are also proponents of icing the wound for the first post-surgical day and placement of lidocaine patches near the wound.

Acute normovolemic hemodilution In addition to using low CVP Tryptophan synthase techniques and anesthetic modes that target central venous capacitance, other strategies can be used to minimize the loss of red blood cells (RBC). Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) shares the goal of minimizing blood loss and reducing the risk of transfusion with the low CVP approach, but ANH is based on a different paradigm; instead of preventing blood loss, the volume lost is hemodiluted at the start of the case. ANH is performed by withdrawing blood while maintaining euvolemia. By diluting the blood, the blood lost during surgery contains fewer RBCs. Ironically, acute normovolemic hemodilution is not effective in preventing transfusions unless a “goal” blood loss is reached, making it particularly relevant to hepatic surgery (45,46).