, 2000). In this study, deletion of the orthologous gene Mga1 in fermentation fungus M. ruber M7 enhanced both citrinin and pigment production. Although the role of Mga1 in regulating mycotoxin in M. ruber M7 is consistent

with that in Aspergillus spp., the regulation role in pigment production is different from cpg-1 in C. parasitica, as disruption of cpg-1 leads to significant reductions in pigmentation (Gao & Nuss, 1996; Hicks et al., 1997; Tag et al., 2000). The production of secondary metabolites of the food fermentation fungi Monascus spp. was found to be influenced by different chemical and physical signals, such as nutrients, osmolarity, pH and light (Miyake et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2006; Babitha et al., 2007). It is widely accepted that heterotrimeric G-protein signalling pathways play a pivotal role in perceiving and transmitting KU-60019 order many of the external signals to elicit specific responses in cells, including regulating the production of metabolites (Calvo et al., 2002; Yu, 2006). The deletion of Mga1 in M. ruber M7 resulted in an selleck increase in the production of citrinin and pigments,

providing genetic evidence that the signalling pathway mediated by the Gα-subunit encoded by Mga1 is involved in the regulation of production of secondary metabolites in Monascus spp. Monascus metabolites, for example red pigments and monacolins, are widely used as natural food colorants or antihypercholesterolemic agents, but citrinin is nephrotoxic in mammalian systems. To prevent the negative effects of citrinin, scientific work has been carried out to identify low- or non-citrinin-producing Monascus strains (Chen & Hu, 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2008a; Pattanagul from et al., 2008). Some results have shown that citrinin was detectable in strains of M. ruber (Wang et al., 2005; Pattanagul et al., 2008), whereas other results revealed that M. ruber was not a citrinin producer, as functional citrinin biosynthesis genes, such as polyketide synthase gene pksCT, were absent in M. ruber (Chen et al., 2008a). However, the strain used in our study, M. ruber M7, produced citrinin both in YES (this study)

and in steamed rice media (Chen & Hu, 2005). The most extensively studied G-protein signalling model in filamentous fungi is A. nidulans. Intensive analysis of the A. nidulans genome has been carried out, and more than 40 genes/putative genes were predicted to encode components that function in G-protein signalling pathways (Lafon et al., 2006; Yu, 2006). A proposed model of the roles of these signalling proteins in controlling A. nidulans growth, development and secondary metabolism has been described (Yu, 2006). As signal perception and signal processing via the G-protein signalling pathway are complex processes, identification of one component of this pathway is not enough to shed light on a possible regulation mechanism.