, 1999). Ts6 can blockade voltage-gated potassium channels (Rodrigues et al., 2003). However, because of the lack of similar studies correlating the effects of toxins on cytokine production with toxin-mediated ion channel stimulation, it is difficult to compare our results with previously published findings. Nevertheless, we might suggest that cytokine production by toxin-stimulated macrophages is independent of toxin ion channel interactions. This is supported by the fact that Ts1 and Ts2 that bind on Na+ channels, presenting opposite effects regarding to NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. Additionally, Ts1 and Ts6 showed
similar effects despite the fact that they act on Na+ and K+ ion channels, respectively. Therefore, additional studies on scorpion toxins are needed to better correlate their inflammatory or anti-inflammatory actions with ion channel NVP-AUY922 mw interactions. These finding will be important in the development of specific drugs for scorpion sting therapy. Our results demonstrated that individual scorpion toxins
have different properties; therefore, we must continue investigating toxins to understand their envenomation mechanisms and to discover new therapeutic compounds. We certify that animals and humans subjects were not used in this work. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. We are grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grants 2005/54855-0,
2009/09829-2 and 2009/07169-5) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support. medroxyprogesterone “
“When, on the morning of April 10, 2014, Idelalisib price I received by telephone the news of the death of Prof. Dr. José R. Giglio (Fig. 1), a huge sense of loss and sadness came over my mind, just as his family and his many friends and disciples were feeling at the time. We became poorer, his family and friends for the loss of a loved one, Brazil and the world for the loss of an outstanding chemist and toxinologist. Before presenting a brief biography of Professor Giglio, I would like to relate some memorable episodes I witnessed during his life that illustrate his modest and generous personality, as well as to leave the testimonies of researchers who knew him. I met Prof. Giglio in January of 1995 during the selection process of prospective Master students at the Ribeirão Preto College of Medicine; he initially refused (three times) to be my advisor at the Biochemistry Program, however, he made a point to introduce me personally to other teachers in the same department. Upon my insistence to a scientist of short stature and modest expression, in a brief moment of reflection, the noble heart spoke louder, and Prof. Giglio decided to take on one more student among his many disciples, becoming a giant to me due to the depth of his technical and scientific knowledge.