10 3.62 −1.03 −1.45 1.28 1.03 1.52 1.84 Cthe_3017 hydrogenase accessory protein HypB 2.66 3.07 2.56 3.73 1.12 −1.15 1.08 1.06 1.63 1.97 Cthe_3018 hydrogenase expression/synthesis HypA 2.51 3.11 2.20 3.99 1.40 −1.07 1.22 1.20 1.92 2.27 Cthe_3019 4Fe-4S ferredoxin iron-sulfur binding A-1210477 order domain-containing protein 2.89 3.12 1.77 2.98 1.14 1.03 1.54 2.02 1.87 1.08 Cthe_3020 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 49 kDa 2.96

3.83 1.86 3.15 1.02 −1.03 1.55 2.07 1.64 1.18 Cthe_3021 ech hydrogenase, subunit EchD, putative 4.29 4.79 2.15 3.03 −1.12 −1.09 1.16 1.71 1.79 1.46 Cthe_3024 NADH/Ubiquinone/plastoquinone (complex I) 2.04 2.26 2.83 2.10 −1.12 −1.10 −1.17 1.05 −1.54 −1.02 ATP synthase Cthe_2602 ATP synthase subunit a 2.77 3.55 5.58 3.87 −1.21 1.10 −1.35 −1.72 −2.44 1.01 Cthe_2603 ATP synthase subunit c 2.27 2.68 2.66 4.62 1.11 1.04 −1.04

−1.22 −1.06 −1.66 Cthe_2604 ATP synthase subunit b 2.48 2.18 4.03 4.30 −1.01 1.10 −1.23 −1.32 −1.64 −1.80 Cthe_2605 ATP synthase F1, delta subunit 3.55 2.04 3.86 2.95 −1.06 −1.05 −1.77 −2.01 −1.15 −1.53 Cthe_2606 ATP synthase F1, alpha subunit 2.40 2.00 2.75 3.27 1.60 1.31 1.20 1.25 1.40 −1.24 Cthe_2607 ATP synthase F1, gamma subunit 2.63 2.09 2.06 2.95 1.17 1.20 1.09 1.49 1.50 −1.18 Cthe_2608 ATP synthase F1, beta subunit 2.67 2.65 3.73 4.36 1.40 this website 1.37 1.04 1.05 −1.00 −1.20 Cthe_2609 ATP synthase epsilon chain 2.94 2.87 4.11 4.79 1.12 1.33 −1.21 −1.11 −1.24 −1.26 Bold values indicate significantly different levels of expression as determined by ANOVA. For the PM vs. WT in 0% and 10% v/v Populus hydrolysate, a positive/negative value represents a higher/lower expression level in the PM compared to the WT. For the standard medium (0%) CA-4948 price versus Populus hydrolysate media (10 or 17.5%) positive/negative values represents higher/lower expression levels in the hydrolysate media compared to standard medium. Values are indicated for samples collected during mid-log (ML) and late-log

(LL) growth phases. Furthermore, sigma factor σA is the principle sigma factor present in vegetatively growing B. subtilis Sitaxentan and other Gram-positive bacteria [31] and it directs transcription of genes important to metabolism [23]. There are 10 genes that encode for σA subunits in C. thermocellum. Three of the genes that encode for σA (Cthe_0195, Cthe_1438 and Cthe_1809) are upregulated in the PM compared to the WT in standard conditions (Table 1).