Such effects of porin alterations on cephalosporin resistance levels in β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria have been well documented (Martínez-Martínez, 2008). In the other pair of isolates of the PFGE subtype B1, C-S isolate P2/I177971 and C-NS isolate P2/I168905, a general increase in β-lactam MICs was also observed. However, it had another nature and there were also significant differences across these two related pairs of isolates, namely between the two C-S isolates (P3/C154247 and P2/I177971) and the two C-NS isolates (P3/A18867 and P2/I168905) in the levels of resistance

to different β-lactams. These observations suggest that other unidentified mechanisms have been accumulating in particular K. pneumoniae strain variants as it was also indicated in other reports (Gröbner Selleckchem Doramapimod et al., 2009). This work Epacadostat in vivo contributes to the growing number of reports on C-NS Enterobacteriaceae strains due to ESBL and/or AmpC expression combined with porin alterations (Livermore & Woodford, 2006; Lee et al., 2007; Martínez-Martínez, 2008; Gröbner et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Despite the recent dissemination of organisms with various types of carbapenemases, this mechanism remains an important

source of resistance to carbapenems in enterobacteria. The study reported here was financed by the research project grant MSMT 2E08003 from the Ministry of Education, and the project grant NS9717-4/2008 from the Ministry of Health, Czech Republic. The authors would like to thank to V.J. Benedí for kindly providing the polyclonal antibodies

against OmpK35 and OmpK36 porins. “
“Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24 is an effective biological control agent of a number of soilborne plant diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Among a range of secondary metabolites produced by strain 2P24, the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) is the major determinant of its disease-suppressive capacity. In this study, we performed random mutagenesis using mini-Tn5 in order to screen for the transcriptional regulators of the phlA gene, a biosynthase gene responsible for 2,4-DAPG production. The mutant PMphlA23 with significantly decreased phlA gene expression was identified from ∼10 000 insertion colonies. The protein Dynein sequence of the interrupted gene has 84% identity to Hfq, a key regulator important for stress resistance and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetic inactivation of hfq resulted in decreased expression of phlA and reduced production of 2,4-DAPG. Furthermore, the hfq gene was also required for the expression of pcoI, a synthase gene for the LuxI-type quorum-sensing signaling molecule N-acyl-homoserine lactone. Additionally, the hfq mutation drastically reduced biofilm formation and impaired the colonization ability of strain 2P24 on wheat rhizospheres. Based on these results, we propose that Hfq functions as an important regulatory element in the complex network controlling environmental adaption in P. fluorescens 2P24.