Some authors even postulate that the distinction selleck chemical between unipolar and bipolar depression in modern diagnostic systems may have no clinical relevance

for the acute treatment,13 but of course as described in the following specific risks (switch) of bipolar depression should lead to a modification of the acute treatment to prevent triggering of manic episodes. Bipolar depression Diagnostic criteria for a depressive episode due Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to bipolar- 1 disorder are the same as described already for the case of unipolar depression (Table II). In addition, to diagnose a bipolar disorder, there should have been previously at least one manic or mixed episode including a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week (or even shorter, if hospitalization is necessary). During this time period, grandiosity or inflated self-esteem are normally Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical present, together with decreased need for sleep, hyperactivity, psychomotor agitation, racing thoughts with flight of ideas, distractibility, and a pressure to keep talking causing marked impairment in social functioning. In case of a mixed episode, these symptoms together with depressive symptoms are present at the same time for at least 1 week. In case of bipolar-II disorder,

at least one episode of hypomania, a period of manic symptoms of lesser severity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical which last at least 2 to 4 days, has been present in the patients’ history. However, shorter hypomanic episodes may also justify treating a patient according to standards for bipolar depression, not unipolar depression.61, 62 In addition, a continuity between bipolarII disorder and unipolar severe (major) depression has been suggested.63 Because bipolar depression has the same symptoms as unipolar depression and at the time of the first depressive episode this information is not yet available, up to 50% of younger patients suffering from depression as the first index episode

later receive the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical diagnosis of a bipolar disorder,64, all 65 but these rates remain controversial.66 Although the evidence for efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression is less than the evidence for the treatment of unipolar depression, the same substances leading to clinical improvement in unipolar depression can be used in bipolar depression. Because of a lower switch risk from depression to hypomania or mania and a proven efficacy, predominantly SSRIs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO Is),67 or bupropion68 in combination with mood stabilizers may be considered as the treatment of choice.69 Because there is no uniform definition of “switch,” the switch rates in scientific publications vary widely. Nevertheless, an up to 3-fold higher switch rate during TCA therapy in comparison with SSRIs has been reported.