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parallel-stranded DNA quadruplex Ilomastat d(TTAGGGT)4 containing the human telomeric repeat. J Mol Biol 2003, 334:25–36.PubMedCrossRef 14. Leonetti C, Amodei S, D’Angelo C, Rizzo A, Benassi B, Antonelli A, Elli R, Stevens MF, D’Incalci M, Zupi G, Biroccio A: Biological activity of the G-quadruplex ligand RHPS4 (3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium methosulfate) is associated with telomere capping alteration. Mol Pharmacol 2004, 66:1138–1146.PubMedCrossRef 15. Salvati E, Leonetti C, Rizzo A, Scarsella M, Mottolese M, Galati R, Sperduti I, Stevens MF, D’Incalci M, Blasco M, Chiorino G, Bauwens S, Horard B, Gilson E, Stoppacciaro A, Zupi G, Biroccio A: Telomere damage induced by the G-quadruplex ligand RHPS4 has an antitumor effect. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:3236–3247.PubMedCrossRef 16. Gowan SM, Heald R, Stevens MFG, Kelland LR: Potent inhibition of telomerase by small molecule pentacyclic acridines capable of interacting with G-quadruplexes. Mol Pharmacol 2001, 60:981–988.PubMed 17. Phatak P, Cookson JC, Dai F, Smith V, Gartenhaus RB, Stevens MF, Burger AM: Calpain Telomere uncapping by the G-quadruplex ligand RHPS4 inhibits clonogenic tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo consistent with a cancer stem cell targeting mechanism. Br J Cancer 2007,

96:1223–1233.PubMedCrossRef 18. Leonetti C, Scarsella M, Riggio G, Rizzo A, Salvati E, D’Incalci M, Staszewsky L, Frapolli R, Stevens MF, Stoppacciaro A, Mottolese M, Antoniani B, Gilson E, Zupi G, Biroccio A: G-quadruplex ligand RHPS4 potentiates the antitumor activity of camptothecins in preclinical models of solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008,14(22):7284–7291.PubMedCrossRef 19. Salvati E, Scarsella M, Porru M, Rizzo A, Iachettini S, Tentori L, Graziani G, D’Incalci M, Stevens MF, Orlandi A, Passeri D, Gilson E, Zupi G, Leonetti C, Biroccio A: PARP1 is activated at telomeres upon G4 stabilization: possible target for telomere-based therapy. Oncogene 2010, 29:6280–6293.PubMedCrossRef 20. Hutchinson I, Stevens MFG: Synthetic strategies to a telomere-targeted pentacyclic heteroaromatic salt.