To eliminate cellular debris, R1 gate was defined in a dot-plot of forward-scatter channel (FSC) versus side-scatter channel (SSC). Random migration in the absence of chemoattractant was calculated and subtracted from migration in response to stimuli. Results were expressed as mean [±standard deviation (s.d.)] percentage of chemotaxis

of six different experiments selleck chemical using different donors. Control chemotaxis was set at 100% and MVC treatments were represented as the percentage of control (cells incubated with medium alone). To confirm the data, the measurement of cell chemotaxis in some experiments was also carried out using Boyden’s method with blind-well chambers and Diff-Quik staining of the filter (Baxter Diagnostics AG, Dudingen, Switzerland). The expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4, CCR5 and formyl peptide receptor (FPR) that recognize the three receptors for fMLP (FPR, FPR1, Metformin price FPR2) was determined by flow cytometric analysis of MVC-treated monocytes, MO and MDC. Cells (1 × 105) were stained with CCR5-FITC/FPR-PE (Becton Dickinson Europe) and CCR1-PE/CCR4-FITC (R&D Systems). After 30 min of incubation, cells were washed with buffer (PBS, 2% FCS), fixed with 1%

paraformaldehyde (PFA) and analysed using FACSCalibur with a minimum acquisition of 10 000 events. Differences in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) between MVC-treated and -untreated cells were analysed with CellQuest software. spss version 13·0 for windows (SPSS Inc., Apache Software Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis of chemotaxis. MO were treated in vitro with increased concentrations of MVC and then examined for chemotaxis by cytometric evaluation (Table 1). No differences were found in the results, showing that pretreated MO did not exhibit a significant inhibition of chemotactic activity when RANTES were used as chemoattractant. Conversely, MVC induced a significant reduction of MIP-1β-induced chemotaxis, and this inhibition was dose-dependent (P < 0·05 for all concentrations). A significant inhibition of chemotatic activity of MO in

response to fMLP was found only Cyclooxygenase (COX) when cells were treated with 1 and 10 µM of MVC (P = 0·008 and 0·005, respectively). When MCP-1 was used as chemoattractant a significant inhibition of chemotaxis at all concentrations of MVC was found (P < 0·05 for all) (Table 1). Adherent monocytes were differentiated into MO and MDC, and the effect of MVC was tested. When MO were assessed, MVC affected chemotactic activity in response to all tested stimuli (Table 1). RANTES-induced chemotaxis was inhibited significantly by MVC only at concentrations of 1 and 10 µM (P = 0·03 and 0·03, respectively). When migration of MO was assessed in response to MIP-1β, a significant inhibition was found at all MVC concentrations used (P = 0·001).