The present study also illustrates the fundamental role the nanostructure of WO3 on the catalytic performance. The high surface-to-volume ratio of Q2D WO3 nanoflakes, controllable deposition and compatibility with existing semiconductor fabrication infrastructure suggest that the reported Q2D β-WO3 nanostructures can be utilized in new generation of OICR-9429 concentration low-cost oxide semiconductor functional devices including solar cells and various sensing platforms. Moreover, both the fabrication process and its framework have great compatibility with other emerging Q2D semiconductors and conductors buy MDV3100 such as graphene. Authors’ information S.Z. obtained his Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering in 1991. He has combined

experience as Research Scientist working at the different universities

in Australia, Japan and Europe and industrial environments for more than 23 years. He is a Principal Research Scientist at Materials Science and Engineering Division of CSIRO. His research interests lie in the area of the development, design and evaluation of new functional nanomaterials for state-of-the-art functional devices. He is also Chairman of FP-011-02 Technical Committee of Standards Australia International and a Head of the Australian delegation in International Standards Organization: ISO TC21/SC8 Technical Committee since 2005. He has published 2 monographs, 6 chapters to books and more than 170 peer-reviewed scientific publications. He is a recipient of the 2007, 2011 and 2013 Australian Academy of Science/Japan

Society for Promotion of Science and STAT inhibitor 2010 Australian Government Endeavour Executive Awards for his work on nanostructured Methane monooxygenase materials. E.K. was awarded a BSc (Applied Chemistry) from the University of RMIT, Victoria, Australia (1997). From 1998 until 2004, Eugene worked as a Research Project Officer at Scientific Services Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia. During this period, he was responsible for both technical and management components of Sample and Compliance testing of fire equipment, including detection equipment. Eugene has joined CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Division in 2004. His current research involves development of nanostructured semiconductor materials for various functional devices. Acknowledgements The work was supported by the Research and Development Program of both CSIRO Sensors and Sensor Networks Transformational Capability Platform (SSN TCP) and CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Division. References 1. Zhuiykov S, Kats E: Ionics. 2013, 19:825.CrossRef 2. Balendhran S, Deng J, Ou JZ, Walia S, Scott J, Tang J, Wang KL, Field MR, Russo S, Zhuiykov S, Strano MS, Medhekar N, Sriram S, Bhaskaran M, Kalantar-zadeh K: Adv Mater. 2013, 25:109.CrossRef 3. Ou JZ, Balendhran S, Field MA, McCulloch DG, Zoolfakar AS, Rani RA, Zhuiykov S, O’Mullane AP, Kalantar-zadeh K: Nanoscale.

Does not produce urease, arginine dihydrolase, tryptophanase or aesculinase. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Major cellular fatty acids are C16:0, C16:1 and C18:1. The dominating hydroxy fatty acids are C10:0 3OH and C12:0 3OH. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminophospholipid are the major polar lipids. Ubiquinone 8 is the dominating respiratory lipoquinone. Representatives can be found in seawater and the surface layer of littoral buy LDN-193189 marine sediments.

The type species is Luminiphilus syltensis. Description of Luminiphilus syltensis sp. nov Luminiphilus syltensis (sylt.en’sis. N.L. masc. adj. syltensis, of or pertaining to the Sylt island, the region of origin). In addition to traits noted for the genus the following characteristics were determined. Cells are non-motile straight-to-bent rods which have a tendency to form coccoid or pleomorphic shapes. The dimensions of cells grown in SYPHC medium varies between 1.2 and 2.2 μm in length and 0.6 μm in width. Intracellular

storage compounds are polyphosphate and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Colonies appear after about 7 days on plates of Marine Agar selleck products 2216 and are round, concave, smooth and dark red. The in vivo absorption of BChl a in the near-infrared region of the spectrum shows peaks at 801 and 871 nm, indicating

the presence of a reaction center and light-harvesting complex 1. Optimal growth conditions are at 28°C, pH 8 and a salinity of approx. 3% (w/v) NaCl. The tolerated salinity for growth ranges from 1 – 9% (w/v) NaCl. The mean generation time under optimal growth conditions is 13 h. Besides NaCl, magnesium and calcium Etofibrate ions are required for growth. The nutrients selleck compound biotin, thiamin, vitamin B12 and L-histidine are essential for growth in mineral medium. L-histidine can be replaced by the amino acids L-threonine or L-aspartate. Sensitive to the antibiotics imipenem, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, doxycycline, colistin, polymyxin B and bacitracin; resistant to cephalotin, oxacillin, tetracycline, vancomycin and lincomycin. The polymers alginate, agar, casein, cellulose, DNA, gelatin and starch are not degraded, but Tween 20 is hydrolyzed. The following compounds are used for growth: acetate, L-alanine, butanol, butyrate, dodecanoate, fumarate, glycerol (weak), hexanoate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, DL-lactate, DL-malate, octanoate, oleate, oxaloacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, palmitate, L-phenylalanine, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, L-threonine, and valerate.

Johnson TJ, Nolan LK: Pathogenomics of the virulence plasmids of check details Escherichia coli . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009,73(4):750–774.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 11. Nicholls L, Grant TH, Robins-Browne RM: Identification of a novel genetic

locus that is required for in vitro adhesion of a clinical isolate of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli to epithelial KPT-330 mouse cells. Mol Microbiol 2000,35(2):275–288.PubMedCrossRef 12. Paton AW, Srimanote P, Woodrow MC, Paton JC: Characterization of Saa, a novel autoagglutinating adhesin produced by locus of enterocyte effacement-negative Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli strains that are virulent for humans. Infect Immun 2001,69(11):6999–7009.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 13. Tarr PI, Bilge SS, Vary JC Jr, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Ward TR, Baylor MR, Besser TE: Iha: a novel Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence-conferring molecule encoded on a recently acquired chromosomal island of conserved structure. Infect Immun 2000,68(3):1400–1407.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 14. Toma C, Martinez Espinosa E, Song T, Miliwebsky E, Chinen I, Iyoda S, Iwanaga M, Rivas M: Distribution of putative adhesins in different seropathotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol

see more 2004,42(11):4937–4946.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 15. Vu-Khac H, Holoda E, Pilipcinec E, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Dahbi G, Mora A, Lopez C, Gonzalez EA, Blanco J: Serotypes, virulence genes, intimin types and PFGE profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from piglets with diarrhoea in Slovakia. Vet J 2007,174(1):176–187.PubMedCrossRef 16. Toledo A, Gomez D, Cruz C, Carreon R, Lopez J, Giono S, Castro AM: Prevalence of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets in the suckling and weaning period in Mexico. J Med Microbiol 2012,61(Pt 1):148–156.PubMedCrossRef 17. Smeds A, Pertovaara M, Timonen T, Pohjanvirta T, Pelkonen S, Palva A: Mapping the binding Lonafarnib supplier domain of the F18 fimbrial adhesin. Infect Immun 2003,71(4):2163–2172.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 18. Nagy B, Fekete PZ: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Vet Res 1999,30(2–3):259–284.PubMed 19. Sonntag AK, Bielaszewska

M, Mellmann A, Dierksen N, Schierack P, Wieler LH, Schmidt MA, Karch H: Shiga toxin 2e-producing Escherichia coli isolates from humans and pigs differ in their virulence profiles and interactions with intestinal epithelial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005,71(12):8855–8863.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 20. Prendergast DM, Lendrum L, Pearce R, Ball C, McLernon J, O’Grady D, Scott L, Fanning S, Egan J, Gutierrez M: Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in beef and sheep abattoirs in Ireland and characterisation of isolates by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2011,144(3):519–527.PubMedCrossRef 21. Karmali MA, Gannon V, Sargeant JM: Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). Vet Microbiol 2010,140(3–4):360–370.PubMedCrossRef 22.

The number of cycles was 35. The changes in gene expression (n-fold) Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor calculated from the qRT-PCR data. Analysis of relative gene expression data was done using the 2-2∆∆CT method

as described previously [41]. The 16S rRNA was used as the internal controls. Statistical analysis All experiments were repeated a minimum of three times, and data are expressed as mean ± SD. Differences were considered significant for P < 0.05 (*, P value 0.05-0.01; **, P value <0.01). Comparison of two groups was made with an unpaired, two-tailed student’s t-test. Comparison of multiple groups was made with ANOVA. Acknowledgements The study was not supported by any external funding. References 1. Silva J, Leite D, Fernandes M, Mena C, Gibbs PA, Teixeira P: Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne Pathogen: a review. Front Microbiol 2011, 2:1–12. article number 200 2. Olson CK, Ethelberg S, van Pelt W, Tauxe RV: Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in industrialized nations. In Campylobacter. Edited by: Nachamkin I, Szymanski C, Blaser MJ. Washigton,

DC, USA: ASM Press; 2008:163–189. 3. Jeon B, Muraoka WT, Zhang Q: Advances in Campylobacter biology and implications for biotechnological AICAR order applications. Microb Biotechnol 2010,3(3):242–258.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 4. Nougayrede JP, Fernandes PJ, Donnenberg MS: Adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells. Cell Microbiol 2003,5(6):359–372.PubMedCrossRef 5. Rubinchik S, Karlyshev AV, Seddon A: Molecular mechanisms and biological role of Campylobacter jejuni attachment to host cells. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012,2(1):32–40.CrossRef 6. Magalhaes A, Reis CA: Helicobacter pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells is mediated by glycan receptors. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010,43(7):611–618.PubMedCrossRef 7. BAY 80-6946 Aspholm M, Olfat FO, Norden J, Sonden B, Lundberg C, Sjostrom

R, Altraja S, Odenbreit S, Haas R, Wadstrom T, Engstrand L, Semino-Mora C, Liu H, Dubois A, Teneberg S, Arnqvist A, Boren T: SabA is the H. pylori hemagglutinin and is polymorphic Megestrol Acetate in binding to sialylated glycans. PLoS Pathog 2006,2(10):e110.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 8. Tsuji S, Uehori J, Matsumoto M, Suzuki Y, Matsuhisa A, Toyoshima K, Seya T: Human intelectin is a novel soluble lectin that recognizes galactofuranose in carbohydrate chains of bacterial cell wall. J Biol Chem 2001,276(26):23456–23463.PubMedCrossRef 9. Day CJ, Tiralongo J, Hartnell RD, Logue CA, Wilson JC, von Itzstein M, Korolik V: Differential carbohydrate recognition by Campylobacter jejuni strain 11168: influences of temperature and growth conditions. PLoS One 2009,4(3):e4927.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10. Guerry P, Szymanski CM: Campylobacter sugars sticking out.

If growth is allowed to continue unchecked, the inevitable deficiency of resources may lead to an overall reduction in fitness of a

population [33]. At high cell densities light becomes a limiting factor and it might be favourable to reduce the light harvesting capacity when cellular energy can be generated by microaerobic oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the light harvesting capacity of the PM would be expected to be reduced in high density populations, hence the restriction in PM production by AHL accumulation. Unlike other anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, R. rubrum seems to lack a light sensing system and therefore may rely quorum sensing for this control. It is long known that limting oxygen is the primary environmental factor for inducing photosynthetic gene expression, However, under anaerobic conditions, the expression of PM shows an inhibition by high light intensities while maximal amounts are produced at low light intensities. The molecular basis Tideglusib cell line for the light-regulation is not well understood as no specific light-sensor was found so far in R. rubrum. Conclusions In this work, we analyzed the growth behavior of R. rubrum cultures, during microaerobic Fed-Batch cultivations, to investigate the cause of the recently observed HCD effects. Our results show

that these effects are quorum-related and that they can be correlated to the FHPI cost accumulation of high amounts of bioactive AHLs in the culture supernatant. Clearly, these findings are to be taken into account whenever the industrial production Selonsertib molecular weight of compounds associated with PM formation under HCD conditions of

R. rubrum is considered. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the FORSYS (research units in systems biology) initiative of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant No.313922). We kindly thank Ruxandra Rehner and Melanie Säger for technical assistance. We are also grateful for Tryptophan synthase being allowed to use Christian Riedele’s (member of Bioprocess Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute, Magdeburg) HSL-standard substances. Thanks also to Stefan Meyer for assistance with the Agrobacterium indicator strain, which was a kind gift from J.E. González (Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083–0688). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Supplemental Material. (DOCX 1 MB) References 1. Galloway WRJD, Hodgkinson JT, Bowden SD, Welch M, Spring DR: Quorum sensing in gram-negative bacteria: small-molecule modulation of AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing pathways. Chem Rev 2011, 111:28–67.PubMedCrossRef 2. Fuqua C, Parsek MR, Greenberg EP: Regulation of gene expression by cell-to-cell communication: acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing. Annu Rev Genet 2001, 35:439–468.PubMedCrossRef 3. Fuqua C, Winans SC, Greenberg EP: Census and consensus in bacterial ecosystems: the LuxR-LuxI family of quorum-sensing transcriptional regulators. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996, 50:727–751.PubMedCrossRef 4.

4 h),

and the median hours sprayed in the last year by the Malaysian females was 1,560 h compared with 60 h for all users. A higher proportion of the Malaysian female plantation workers had experienced a serious or moderate health incident in the last year than the full group of users (13.7 vs. 7.9%). Nevertheless, the proportions of Malaysian female users experiencing a serious incident or an incident of any severity were close to the average for the survey and reflected their generally good working practices. Tideglusib manufacturer although the survey collected a considerable amount of information ABT-263 mouse about the KAP of users, information about exposure to pesticides is not very specific. Nevertheless, the logistic regression models to predict which farmers would experience incidents and the negative binomial regression models for incidence rates were informative and consistent. Farmers who experienced agricultural equipment and livestock incidents were much see more more likely to experience agrochemical-related incidents and this was a much stronger predictor than the practices adopted by the user when measuring, mixing and spraying agrochemicals. It was an especially strong factor

in a number of countries and in Korea only 1 out of 50 users who had experienced an agrochemical-related incident had not had an incident involving agricultural equipment in the last 12 months. In some cases, the agricultural equipment incidents may have involved the spraying equipment, but the association FER with livestock incidents suggests that the association indicates a failure

to exercise caution. Younger farmers were more likely to experience agrochemical-related incidents than older users, a finding also reported by Yassin et al. (2002), but this factor was less important in models for the number of incidents, although close to significance. The confidence of the user was a key factor, especially the confidence of users about their practices when spraying. Those who felt that their practices were the safest were much less likely to experience incidents even if their practices were not the best. Users who sprayed more than the median insecticide spraying hours were at a significantly increased risk of agrochemical-related incidents but, a stronger association might have been expected given that most of the brands that users stated had caused incidents were insecticides. The regression modelling was able to confirm the value of some of the steps in the five key steps approach towards safe handling of pesticides, such as caution (demonstrated by not experiencing machinery or livestock incidents) and equipment maintenance. Personal hygiene (the user and their spraying clothes) had been expected to be more strongly associated with incidents, but cleaning contamination immediately after spillages was an important factor.

~ 10% reduction at 12.5 nM. Finally, the inhibitory effect and its saturating trend towards higher doses of rapamycin are the same

for all four cancer cell lines, suggesting rapamycin may act on some targets/pathways common in all of them. Figure 1 Rapamycin exerts growth inhibitory Selleckchem BIBW2992 effects in four lung cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion. Cells were treated with increasing levels of rapamycin for 24 hours before cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Control group received treatment of DMSO solution of the same volume and concentration used to dissolve rapamycin. Growth inhibitory effect of rapamycin with docetaxel on lung cancer cells Next we checked the effect of rapamycin on docetaxel-induced growth inhibition in lung cancer cells. It was found that 20 nM rapamycin can potentiate the growth inhibition activity of docetaxel in all four cancer cell lines (Figure 2). This enhancing effect of rapamycin is especially pronounced at low docetaxel concentration (1 nM), having led to an additional 20 – 40% of reduction in cell growth. Although rapamycin does not change the maximum level of cell selleck growth inhibition elicited by docetaxel (e.g., at 100 nM), the co-treatment of rapamycin with docetaxel effectively lowered the EC50 (concentration needed to achieve 50% of maximal effect) of the latter. Figure 2 Rapamycin administered at 20 nM was able to potentiate the growth inhibitory effect of docetaxel in four lung cancer

cells. Rapamycin induces apoptosis in synergy with docetaxel To further investigate whether the enhancing effect that rapamycin showed in docetaxel-co-treated cancer cells is

associated with an increased level of apoptosis, we performed flow cytomety analysis using Annexin V/propidium iodide-stained cells. As shown in Figure 3, rapamycin enhances the effects of docetaxel in promoting cancer cell death. Discounting the basal apoptosis level as shown in the control sample, the level of apoptosis in the Rapa+DTX group is close to the sum of those in the two monotreaments using either compound alone. These findings indicate that rapamycin may further enhance the PLX4032 research buy efficacy of docetaxel by inducing a higher degree of apoptosis. Figure 3 Rapamycin enhances the apoptosis effect of docetaxel in lung cancer cells. *P < 0.05, Sitaxentan significantly different from untreated control; **P < 0.05, significantly different from either rapamycin or docetaxel monotherapy. Combination treatment of rapamycin with docetaxel decreases the expression of Survivin As we wondered whether the enhancing effect of rapamycin might come from its ability to block cellular pathways that can counteract the cytotoxic activity of docetaxel, the effect of rapamycin on the expression of Survivin was next examined. Treatment of 95D cells with either rapamycin or docetaxel alone resulted in moderate but significant reduction on the level of Survivin expression compared with that of the untreated cells.

The photovoltaic (PV) responses Rapamycin mouse to monochromatic and AM0 light sources were investigated, combined with reflectance and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements. With these, the real contribution from PL conversion to the solar cell efficiency enhancement was unambiguously identified and assessed. Methods Mn:ZnSe QDs immersed within toluene were purchased from ZKWY Biotech Incorporation Ltd., Beijing, China. Figure 1 shows their absorption and PL spectra, which reveal the feature of PL conversion from UV/blue to orange/red regimes. The PL efficiency is > 40%. Figure 2 gives a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the QDs dispersed on a Cu grid,

acquired with a FEI spectrometer (G2F20, Tecnai, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). The average QD size is 4.8 ± 0.2 nm. Crystalline Si solar cells (20 × 14 mm2 in size) without AR treatment were offered by the PLX3397 solubility dmso Shanghai Institute of Space Power Supply, Shanghai, China. The QD suspension was firstly mixed within PLMA (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC., Angiogenesis inhibitor St. Louis,

MO, USA) and then deposited onto the surface of solar cell with a spin coater. QD concentration (C QD) was determined by adjusting the proportions of QD suspension and PLMA. The thickness of QD-doped PLMA was around 150 nm as measured using a stylus-profiler (ET3000, Kosaka Laboratory Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan). Reflectance spectra of Si coated with QD-doped PLMA were obtained with an UV–vis-NIR spectrophotometer (UV-3101PC, Shimadzu Corporation,

Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan). PL spectra were recorded on a fluorescence spectrometer (F4500, Hitachi High-Tech, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan). Monochromatic lights from one He-Cd laser and other three semiconductor lasers with λ = 325, 473, 650, and 980 nm, respectively, were used to investigate the PV responses of short-circuit current (I SC). Also, a simulated all-solar-spectrum (AM0) PV response was measured on a solar simulator (94023A, Newport Corporation, CA, USA) to acquire the PV parameters of photoelectric 4��8C conversion efficiency (η), fill factor (FF), I SC, and open-circuit voltage (U OC). The EQE measurement of solar cell was performed on a QE/IPCE system of Oriel/Newport. Figure 1 Absorption and PL emission spectra of Mn:ZnSe QDs. Figure 2 TEM image of the Mn:ZnSe QD distribution. Results and discussion Figure 3a shows short-circuit current enhancements (ΔI/I’s) under illuminations of four monochromatic light sources (λ = 325, 473, 650, and 980 nm) as functions of CQD. ΔI/I is defined as (I 1−I bare)/I bare, where I bare and I 1 are I SC’s for bare Si solar cell and Si solar cell coated with QD-doped PLMA, respectively. Figure 3b gives the corresponding trends of reflectance for the four wavelengths. It is seen that except for that of UV (λ = 325 nm), the ΔI/I trends of other three wavelengths can be well explained in terms of their reflectance ones.

Isolate 2840 was identified to be poly-agglutinable in a slide agglutination test, although CGH data showed this isolate contains cps genes of serotype 2, suggesting the isolate belongs to serotype 2 but does not express (enough) capsule genes sufficiently to be detected in slide agglutination. All isolates in cluster A expressed either EF protein or the larger form EF* protein [16], whereas none of the isolates clustered in group B expressed either of these proteins. MLST analysis showed that with the exception of serotype 2 isolate 1890, all isolates in cluster A belonged to clonal complex 1 (CC1)

within which most isolates were found to represent sequence type 1 (ST1) whereas others represented single locus variants of ST1. Six subclusters (A1 – A6) selleck chemicals were distinguished in cluster A. Cluster A1 contained MRP+EF+ serotype 2 isolates from selleck different geographical locations selleck products (Canada, Netherlands and China) that were isolated from humans and pigs, indicating the global spreading of these isolates. Cluster A2 exclusively contained serotype 2 isolates from Vietnam either obtained from human patients or from pigs [6], suggesting these Vietnamese

isolates are highly similar to each other. Discrimination of isolates of the subclusters A1 – A6 was based on sequence diversity between genes, rather than on differences in gene content. In contrast to cluster A, cluster B contained a more divergent, heterogeneous group of isolates. Cluster B contained all serotype 7 and 9 isolates included in this study as well as a number of less virulent serotype 1 and serotype 2 isolates that neither express MRP nor EF. Within cluster B five subclusters were distinguished (B1 – B5). Subclusters B1 and B2 contained all serotype 7 isolates, as well as a number of MRP-EF- serotype 2 isolates [21]. The high degree of similarity observed between MRP-EF- serotype 2 and serotype 7 isolates could suggest that the MRP-EF- serotype 2 isolates originated from serotype 7 isolates by an exchange of capsular genes. This idea is supported TCL by MLST data which showed that most isolates

within the clusters B1 and B2 share the same clonal complex (respectively 16 and 29) as well as by AFLP-data in which these isolates also clustered together (data not shown). Cluster B3 was a very heterogeneous group of isolates that seemed to contain isolates that were clustered based on lack of genetic similarity to each other and to other strains. Surprisingly, the reference strain of serotype 9 (22083R9) was assigned to cluster B3 as well, at large distance from other serotype 9 isolates in cluster B5. This clearly indicates that the reference strain does not represent the European serotype 9 isolates from the field used in this study. This was confirmed by MLST data, since this reference strain was assigned to ST82, an independent ST, outside a lineage.

e., the armchair and zigzag GNRs

[6–8]. In the tight-binding model with nearest-neighbor approximation, the zigzag GNRs are always metallic and exhibit spin-polarized edge states [6–8]. Instead, selleck compound the armchair GNRs (AGNRs) show metallic characteristics when only M=3n+2 (M denotes its width with n∈i n t e g e r), whereas they are semiconducting otherwise [7–9]. Due to the advance and development of experiment, the GNRs can be successfully manufactured by different approaches, such as the high-resolution lithography and etching technique [10, 11], chemical means [12, 13], or the unzipping of carbon nanotubes [14, 15]. Besides, graphene field-effect transistors have been experimentally realized by making

use of the band gap introduced in GNRs [12, 16]. These experimental progress encourage theoretical researchers to further pay attention to the electric or magnetic properties of the GNRs or GNR heterojunctions [17–23]. Because of the presence of dislocations, microcracks, grain boundaries, and phase interfaces in their growth, experimentally obtained graphene samples are https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html not always single-crystalline materials. These abnormal mechanisms cause some significant physics properties of graphene [24–28]. Recently, a peculiar topological line defect in graphene was reported experimentally by Lahiri [29]. This topological line defect is created by alternating the Stone-Thrower-Wales

defect and divacancies, leading to a pattern of repeating paired pentagons and octagons [30]. It was found that this line defect has metallic characteristics. Following this work, some groups proposed a valley filter based on the scattering of this line defect in graphene [31]. Next, using a tight-binding model calculation, Bahamon et al. have observed the metallic characteristics and Fabry-P’erot oscillation phenomena in graphene line LDC000067 in vivo defects [32]. After these works, researchers dedicated themselves to the discussion about the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene Dipeptidyl peptidase with a topological line defect; the line defect-based electronics has been gradually established [33–36]. Then, the influence of the line defect on the electron properties of the GNRs have become one main concern of such a field. Song et al. studied a line defect in zigzag GNR where a bulk energy gap is opened by sublattice symmetry breaking [37]. They found that a gapless state is for a configuration which holds a mirror symmetry with respect to the line defect. Lin and Ni reported that the edge-passivated zigzag GNRs with the line defects along the edge show half-metallicity as the line defect is close to one edge [38]. On the other hand, it has been reported that the topological line defects in the zigzag GNR can induce the tuning of antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism. Hu et al.